Quick Answer
Miami offers distinctive ORMUS and consciousness conditions through its 130,000-year-old oolitic limestone bedrock, the 2,000-year-old Tequesta Miami Circle ceremonial site, Everglades "River of Grass" ecology, Biscayne Aquifer mineral filtration, diverse Buddhist communities, and constant Atlantic Ocean negative ion exposure. Caribbean spiritual traditions add cultural depth unavailable in most North American cities.
Table of Contents
- A City Built on Compressed Ocean: Miami Limestone
- The Miami Circle: 2,000 Years of Ceremonial Practice
- Biscayne Aquifer: Drinking Through Coral Rock
- The Everglades: Stillness That Moves
- Meditation Communities of Greater Miami
- Ocean as Practice Partner
- Caribbean Crossroads: Multicultural Spiritual Landscape
- ORMUS Practice in a Marine Environment
- Frequently Asked Questions
Key Takeaways
- Compressed Ocean Bedrock: Miami sits entirely on Miami Limestone, formed 130,000 years ago from ooids (tiny calcium carbonate spheres created in warm shallow seas), making the city's foundation literally processed ocean
- Ancient Ceremonial Site: The Miami Circle at Brickell Point, a perfect 38-foot circle of 600 postmolds cut into bedrock by the Tequesta people, dates back 1,700 to 2,700 years and may mark their capital's ceremonial centre
- Living Aquifer: The Biscayne Aquifer, Miami's sole freshwater source, flows through the same porous limestone the city sits on, meaning every glass of water has been filtered through coral-origin rock
- Everglades Access: The world's only subtropical wilderness of its kind begins at Miami's western edge, offering 1.5 million acres of ecological complexity where freshwater, saltwater, and terrestrial systems overlap
- Spiritual Diversity: Afro-Caribbean traditions (Santeria, Espiritismo), multiple Buddhist lineages, and Latin American contemplative practices create a spiritual landscape unique in North America
Miami is not built on solid ground in the way most cities are. Beneath every high-rise, every highway, every backyard pool lies a rock that was once the floor of a warm, shallow tropical sea. Miami Limestone, the bedrock of all of South Florida, is composed of ooids: tiny spheres of calcium carbonate that formed when ocean currents tumbled sand grains through mineral-rich water, coating them layer by layer in compressed marine material roughly 130,000 years ago.
This is not ancient in the geological sense. The mountains of British Columbia are hundreds of millions of years old. The Canadian Shield measures in billions. Miami's bedrock formed during the last warm interglacial period, when sea levels were higher than today and South Florida was underwater. The rock you walk on was ocean floor within the lifespan of Homo sapiens as a species. Your ancestors were alive when this ground was being made.
For practitioners working with ORMUS and consciousness development, this geological youth creates a distinctive practice environment. Miami's mineral character is fundamentally marine: calcium carbonate, dissolved coral, and ocean-origin trace elements define the water, the soil, and the rock beneath your feet. Understanding this marine foundation changes how you think about mineral supplementation and consciousness practice in a city that is, at its geological core, compressed ocean.
A City Built on Compressed Ocean: Miami Limestone
Miami Limestone, formerly classified as Miami Oolite, is the bedrock of South Florida from the Atlantic Coastal Ridge through Florida Bay and the lower Florida Keys. The rock formed during the Sangamonian interglacial period, roughly 130,000 years ago, when global temperatures were slightly warmer than today and sea levels were 6 to 9 metres higher than present.
The formation process itself is remarkable. In the warm, shallow seas that covered South Florida, tiny grains of sand and shell fragments were caught in ocean currents and rolled across the sea floor. As they tumbled, each grain accumulated concentric layers of calcium carbonate, the same mineral that forms seashells and coral skeletons. These coated grains, called ooids, accumulated in vast deposits that gradually lithified into the porous, Swiss-cheese-textured rock that underlies Miami today.
The porosity of Miami Limestone is not a flaw. It is the rock's defining characteristic. You can see it in any exposed road cut or construction site: the rock is full of holes, cavities, and solution channels where slightly acidic rainwater has dissolved the calcium carbonate over thousands of years. This porosity is why Miami has no basements, why sinkholes occasionally swallow cars, and why the Biscayne Aquifer works the way it does.
Geological Porosity as Practice Metaphor: Miami Limestone's extreme porosity offers a natural contemplation object for consciousness practitioners. The rock is simultaneously solid and permeable, structural and fluid. It holds the weight of an entire metropolis while allowing water to flow through it in every direction. This paradox, strength through permeability rather than density, mirrors teachings found in multiple contemplative traditions. The Taoist concept of wu wei (effortless action) and the Buddhist understanding of sunyata (emptiness as the ground of form) both describe realities where solidity and openness coexist. A clear quartz crystal, transparent yet structurally strong, embodies a similar quality.
The two facies of Miami Limestone, an oolitic phase and a bryozoan-rich phase, reflect different depositional environments within the same ancient sea. The oolitic facies formed in higher-energy shallow water where currents were strong enough to roll ooids. The bryozoan facies formed in quieter, slightly deeper water where colonial marine organisms built reef-like structures. Walking across Miami, you cross between these facies without knowing it, moving between two different ancient marine environments that are now compressed into a single metropolitan surface.
The Miami Circle: 2,000 Years of Ceremonial Practice
In 1998, during demolition of a 1950s apartment building at Brickell Point where the Miami River meets Biscayne Bay, archaeologists discovered something extraordinary: a perfect circle measuring 38 feet (11.5 metres) in diameter, consisting of 600 postmolds and 24 basin-shaped holes cut directly into the limestone bedrock. Radiocarbon dating places the site between 1,700 and 2,700 years old, making it one of the oldest known permanent structures in eastern North America.
The Tequesta people, who lived in the Miami area for thousands of years before European contact, are believed to have built this structure. The precision of the circle, the consistency of the postmold depths, and the deliberate orientation of the basins indicate careful planning and construction by people with sophisticated knowledge of geometry, astronomy, and stone working. The Miami Circle may have been the foundation of a council house or ceremonial structure at what some archaeologists believe was the Tequesta capital.
The Tequesta thrived in South Florida without agriculture, relying on the rich marine environment of Biscayne Bay, the Miami River, and the nearshore Atlantic. They caught mako shark, swordfish, and even right whales. They were expert wood carvers, and dugout canoe makers held honoured positions in their society. Their relationship with the marine environment was not just economic. It was spiritual, expressed in the ceremonial structures they carved into the limestone that was itself former sea floor.
The Miami Circle's recent history carries its own contemplative weight. After its discovery, developers planned to destroy the site for a luxury condominium tower. Public outcry led to state purchase and preservation of the circle itself, which became a National Historic Landmark. But neighbouring Tequesta archaeological sites at 444 Brickell remain under active development pressure, with luxury construction proceeding despite the discovery of additional artifacts and the site's 2023 historic designation by Miami's Historic and Environmental Preservation Board.
Sacred Site Under Pressure: The ongoing conflict between development and preservation at the Tequesta sites in Brickell offers practitioners a direct contemplation of impermanence, power, and values. Betty Osceola of the Miccosukee Tribe has stated: "It is a marked grave, it's acknowledged by the city that it exists there and just like they don't go around digging up other people's graves, [they should] respect ours as well." Practitioners who visit the Miami Circle at Brickell Point can sit with the tension between a 2,000-year-old ceremonial space and the luxury towers rising around it. This is not comfortable contemplation. It is practice that confronts real questions about whose consciousness, whose history, and whose spiritual practice this land honours.
Biscayne Aquifer: Drinking Through Coral Rock
The Biscayne Aquifer, Miami's sole source of freshwater, is formed largely within the porous Miami Limestone. This means that every glass of water consumed in Miami-Dade County has filtered through coral-origin rock on its way to the well. The aquifer's extreme porosity allows water to move through the rock at unusually high rates compared to most groundwater systems, but also makes it vulnerable to contamination from surface activities.
The mineral signature of Biscayne Aquifer water reflects its passage through calcium carbonate rock. Miami's tap water is characteristically hard, rich in dissolved calcium and magnesium from the limestone. These are the same minerals that formed in a marine environment 130,000 years ago, now dissolved and delivered to modern residents through their taps. In a very literal sense, drinking Miami water means drinking dissolved ancient ocean.
This marine mineral context has implications for practitioners considering Dead Sea salt ORMUS supplementation. The Dead Sea, like the ancient sea that formed Miami Limestone, is a body of water where mineral concentrations have increased over time through evaporation and geological processes. The conceptual resonance between Dead Sea minerals and Miami's geological foundation is not coincidental: both represent marine mineral accumulation, just at different timescales and concentrations.
The aquifer's vulnerability to sea level rise adds urgency to Miami's geological story. As ocean levels increase, saltwater intrusion threatens the freshwater lens that the Biscayne Aquifer depends on. The geological boundary between fresh and salt water beneath Miami is not static. It moves with sea level, tidal cycles, and precipitation patterns. Climate scientists project that portions of the aquifer may become unusable within decades, forcing a fundamental renegotiation of the relationship between Miami and its marine geological foundation.
The Everglades: Stillness That Moves
The Everglades begin at Miami's western boundary. This is not an approximation. The suburban edge of Kendall literally borders the eastern boundary of Everglades National Park. One of the most ecologically complex environments on Earth is accessible by car from downtown Miami in under an hour.
The Everglades are often called a "River of Grass," a phrase popularized by Marjory Stoneman Douglas in her landmark 1947 book. The name describes the fundamental paradox of the system: what appears to be a vast, static grassland is actually a shallow river, roughly 60 miles wide, flowing imperceptibly south from Lake Okeechobee through sawgrass prairie to Florida Bay. The water moves at roughly one quarter of a mile per day. It is movement so slow that it registers as stillness unless you understand what you are looking at.
This quality, motion that appears as rest, is one of the most powerful natural contemplation objects available to Miami practitioners. Many meditation traditions teach that beneath the apparent stillness of deep meditation, subtle processes continue. The Everglades demonstrate this teaching at landscape scale. The water is always flowing. The grass is always growing. The system is always exchanging nutrients, filtering water, and supporting an intricate web of life. But to the casual observer, nothing seems to happen.
Anhinga Trail Dawn Practice: The Anhinga Trail in Everglades National Park, a short boardwalk loop accessible from the Royal Palm Visitor Center, provides one of the finest dawn meditation settings in South Florida. In the early morning, the trail is frequented by anhingas, herons, alligators, and turtles rather than tourists. The boardwalk extends over Taylor Slough, where the slow-moving water and surrounding sawgrass create a practice environment of extraordinary stillness. The biological activity happening beneath the calm surface, fish moving through the water, plants photosynthesizing, microorganisms cycling nutrients, mirrors the internal activity that continues beneath the calm surface of settled meditation. Carry a green aventurine stone to resonate with the lush green vitality of the Everglades ecosystem.
The Everglades exist at the intersection of three distinct water systems: freshwater from Lake Okeechobee, saltwater from Florida Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, and tidal brackish water in the mangrove zones where fresh and salt mix. Each zone supports different species communities and different mineral profiles. Walking from the freshwater sloughs through the mangrove transition to the coastal prairie is a physical journey through a mineral gradient, from low-mineral freshwater through increasingly mineral-rich brackish zones to full-strength ocean water.
Research published in Ecological Indicators (Gaiser et al., 2015) documented how subtle changes in water chemistry across the Everglades affect biological communities at every level, from algae to alligators. This sensitivity to mineral environment resonates with how ORMUS practitioners understand the relationship between mineral intake and consciousness: small changes in the mineral environment can produce significant effects in biological systems.
Meditation Communities of Greater Miami
Kadampa Meditation Center Miami
Part of the New Kadampa Tradition founded by Geshe Kelsang Gyatso, Kadampa Meditation Center Miami offers structured meditation classes organized around clear developmental stages. The systematic approach appeals to practitioners who prefer progressive instruction, with classes building from basic mindfulness through increasingly refined concentration practices. The centre hosts regular workshops and day retreats that provide deeper immersion without requiring extended time away from work and family commitments.
South Florida Zen Group
Practising in the Korean Zen tradition of the Kwan Um School of Zen, the South Florida Zen Group meets at Bo Hyun Sa, a Korean Buddhist temple in Southwest Ranches, and at Zen Mystery Cafe in Dania Beach. The Kwan Um tradition emphasizes kong-an (koan) practice, using paradoxical questions to cut through conceptual thinking and reveal direct awareness. The tradition's founder, Zen Master Seung Sahn, was known for his accessible, often humorous teaching style, and this quality carries through to the South Florida group's approach.
The dual meeting location, a traditional Korean temple and a casual cafe, reflects something about Miami Buddhism more broadly: practice here adapts to the environment rather than demanding that the environment conform to institutional expectations. Labradorite, with its flash of hidden colour beneath a plain surface, mirrors the kong-an practice of discovering insight beneath ordinary appearances.
Open Awareness Buddhist Center
Open Awareness provides community-centred Buddhist practice with an emphasis on ethics, honesty, and welcoming atmosphere. The centre serves as a refuge and sanctuary where practitioners from diverse backgrounds can explore meditation within a supportive sangha (community). This approach addresses a particular need in Miami, where the city's transient population and cultural diversity mean that many practitioners arrive without established spiritual community connections.
Diamond Way Buddhist Center Miami
Part of the international Diamond Way network founded by Lama Ole Nydahl in the Karma Kagyu lineage, Diamond Way Miami offers lay Buddhist practice with emphasis on Vajrayana meditation techniques. The Diamond Way approach is notably non-monastic, designed for practitioners maintaining careers, relationships, and active lives. This orientation suits Miami's energetic culture, where few practitioners are willing or able to adopt monastic schedules.
Bodhi Path Miami
Founded by Shamar Rinpoche, the Bodhi Path network provides Buddhist study and meditation in a non-sectarian framework that draws from multiple Buddhist traditions while maintaining roots in the Kagyu lineage. Weekly meetings combine guided meditation with dharma discussion, creating a practice structure that balances silent practice with intellectual engagement. For practitioners who combine ORMUS supplementation with Buddhist study, the Bodhi Path approach offers both the contemplative and the analytical dimensions of practice.
The Great Mahakala
The Great Mahakala serves as a dedicated retreat centre in Miami for both group and personal retreats. Having a resident retreat centre within the metropolitan area is unusual for any city and gives Miami practitioners access to intensive practice without significant travel. The centre hosts various spiritual events and workshops dedicated to conscious living, bridging formal Buddhist practice with broader contemplative and wellness approaches.
Tropical Practice Considerations: Miami's year-round warm climate allows for outdoor meditation in every season, a luxury unavailable to practitioners in most of North America. But the heat and humidity also create specific practice conditions. Morning practice before 8 AM avoids the most intense heat and humidity. Evening practice after sunset, especially near the water, benefits from cooling onshore breezes and the calming effect of diminishing light on the nervous system. The 7 Chakra Crystal Set provides a structured tool for energy-aware practice that can be adapted to Miami's tropical rhythm.
Ocean as Practice Partner
Miami's Atlantic coastline provides something that inland cities simply cannot: the ocean as a constant practice partner. The rhythmic sound of waves, the visual infinity of the horizon, the salt air rich in negative ions, and the physical experience of ocean swimming all contribute to a practice environment shaped by marine elements.
Research by Perez et al. published in BMC Psychiatry (2013) found that negative air ions, abundant near breaking waves and in ocean spray, are associated with improved mood states and reduced depression scores. Miami's constant ocean breeze delivers these ions throughout the coastal areas where most residents live, creating a baseline environmental support for emotional regulation that supplements formal meditation practice.
The Gulf Stream, one of the world's most powerful ocean currents, passes within a few kilometres of Miami's shore. This warm current, carrying Caribbean water northward at speeds up to 5 miles per hour, creates the conditions that define Miami's climate: warm winters, abundant moisture, and a subtropical character that contrasts sharply with the rest of the southeastern United States at the same latitude. Practitioners who swim in Miami's ocean are swimming in water that has traveled from the Caribbean, carrying the mineral signature of tropical reef systems and deep ocean upwelling zones.
Beach meditation, whether sitting on the sand facing the water or walking the tide line, combines multiple practice-supporting elements simultaneously: the visual anchor of the horizon, the rhythmic sound of waves providing a natural timing structure, the feel of sand and salt air on skin as body-awareness triggers, and the open sky above as a natural spaciousness metaphor. Few practice environments combine this many supportive elements without requiring any formal setup or equipment.
Caribbean Crossroads: Multicultural Spiritual Landscape
Miami's position as a cultural bridge between North America, the Caribbean, and Latin America creates a spiritual landscape of extraordinary diversity. This is not the generic "diversity" often claimed by American cities. Miami's spiritual landscape includes living traditions with centuries of continuous practice in the Western Hemisphere.
Afro-Caribbean spiritual traditions, including Santeria (Regla de Ocha), Espiritismo, and related practices brought from Cuba, Haiti, and other Caribbean nations, represent continuous spiritual lineages that predate European colonization in some cases and that have survived colonial persecution in all cases. These traditions work with natural elements, ancestor connections, and community ceremony in ways that parallel and sometimes overlap with the mineral and consciousness work that ORMUS practitioners engage in.
The presence of these traditions in Miami means that consciousness practice here occurs within a spiritually saturated environment. The botanicas (spiritual supply shops) found throughout Little Havana, Hialeah, and other neighbourhoods serve communities that have maintained daily spiritual practice for generations. Candles, herbs, minerals, and natural materials are not exotic supplements in these communities. They are essential tools for spiritual work that is as ordinary and necessary as cooking or sleeping.
For ORMUS practitioners, this cultural context is instructive. Working with minerals as consciousness tools is not a New Age invention. It is a practice with deep roots in multiple traditions, including Caribbean and African-descended spiritual systems that have maintained mineral-based practice for centuries. Protection crystals and crystal intention candles serve as bridges between these traditions and contemporary contemplative practice.
ORMUS Practice in a Marine Environment
Practising with ORMUS in Miami means working within a thoroughly marine context. The water is filtered through coral limestone. The air carries ocean salt and negative ions. The geological foundation is compressed sea floor. The dominant ecological system, the Everglades, is defined by its relationship to water chemistry and mineral gradients.
Marine Mineral Baseline
Miami's calcium-rich, hard water from the Biscayne Aquifer provides a significant baseline mineral intake that practitioners elsewhere may lack. When adding monatomic gold ORMUS to this existing marine mineral environment, starting with conservative doses allows the body to integrate supplemental minerals with the substantial calcium and magnesium already present in local water.
Humidity and Absorption
Miami's high humidity affects how the body processes minerals and maintains hydration. The body loses minerals through perspiration at higher rates in humid tropical environments. Some practitioners find that ORMUS supplementation in Miami benefits from slightly higher water intake and attention to electrolyte balance, particularly during the warmer months from May through October.
Ocean Practice Pairing
The combination of ORMUS supplementation with regular ocean exposure creates a practice environment where marine minerals are present both internally (through supplementation and drinking water) and externally (through ocean swimming and salt air). The Ultimate ORMUS Consciousness Collection provides multiple formulations that can be explored within this ocean-integrated practice context.
The Miami Synthesis: Miami teaches that solid ground is a relative concept. The rock beneath the city was ocean 130,000 years ago and may be again within centuries as sea levels rise. The Tequesta knew this land as both stable home and dynamic marine environment for over two millennia. The Everglades demonstrate that what appears still is always flowing. Consciousness practice in Miami, when it engages honestly with this geological and ecological reality, becomes a practice of holding apparent contradictions: solid yet porous, still yet flowing, ancient yet geologically young. These are not just metaphors. They are the literal conditions of the ground you sit on.
Disclaimer: ORMUS products are mineral supplements and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. The consciousness practices described in this article reflect traditional and community perspectives and should not replace professional medical or mental health care. Consult a qualified healthcare provider before beginning any new supplement regimen. In Miami's tropical climate, prioritize hydration and heat safety during outdoor practice.
Frequently Asked Questions
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What makes Miami's geology unique for ORMUS and consciousness practice?
Miami is built entirely on Miami Limestone, an oolitic rock formed roughly 130,000 years ago when shallow tropical seas coated tiny sand grains in layers of calcium carbonate, creating compressed marine spheres called ooids. This porous limestone forms the Biscayne Aquifer, meaning Miami's entire freshwater supply filters through coral-origin rock. The city's geological foundation is literally processed ocean.
What is the Miami Circle and why does it matter for spiritual practice?
The Miami Circle at Brickell Point is a perfect 38-foot (11.5-metre) circle of 600 postmolds cut into limestone bedrock, believed to be between 1,700 and 2,700 years old. Built by the Tequesta people, it may have been their capital's ceremonial centre. Discovered in 1998, the site demonstrates that structured spiritual practice on this land predates European contact by nearly two millennia. Nearby Tequesta sites remain under threat from luxury development.
Which meditation communities serve practitioners in Miami?
Kadampa Meditation Center Miami offers classes in the New Kadampa Tradition. South Florida Zen Group practises Korean Zen at Bo Hyun Sa temple and Zen Mystery Cafe. Open Awareness Buddhist Center provides community-centred practice. Diamond Way Buddhist Center Miami offers Karma Kagyu meditation. Bodhi Path Miami follows the lineage of Shamar Rinpoche. The Great Mahakala serves as a retreat centre for group and personal practice.
How does the Everglades connect to consciousness practice in Miami?
The Everglades, a 60-mile-wide shallow river flowing south through sawgrass prairie, demonstrates that movement can be so slow it appears as stillness. This natural teaching mirrors contemplative insights about the relationship between motion and rest. Everglades National Park, accessible from Miami, provides direct contact with one of the most ecologically complex environments on the continent, where freshwater, saltwater, and terrestrial ecosystems overlap.
How does Miami's ocean proximity affect consciousness practice?
Miami's position on the Atlantic coast provides constant access to ocean-generated negative ions, which research associates with improved mood and cognitive clarity. The Gulf Stream passes within kilometres of shore, carrying warm Caribbean water northward. Regular ocean exposure, whether through beach meditation, swimming, or simply living near the coast, provides a baseline of negative ion exposure and rhythmic sound that can support contemplative practice.
Can ORMUS products be shipped to Miami?
Yes. Thalira ships ORMUS products throughout North America including Florida. Standard shipping to Miami typically takes 5 to 8 business days from Canada. Dead Sea salt ORMUS shares a conceptual connection with Miami's marine geology, as both involve minerals concentrated from ancient or enclosed marine environments.
What natural practice locations exist in the Miami area?
Everglades National Park offers over 1.5 million acres of subtropical wilderness accessible from Miami. Biscayne National Park protects 270 square miles of marine environment including living coral reefs. Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden provides 83 acres of cultivated tropical landscape. Oleta River State Park offers 1,043 acres of mangrove and hardwood hammock within city limits. Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park provides beach meditation at the southern tip of Key Biscayne.
How does Miami's multicultural character influence spiritual practice?
Miami's position as a cultural bridge between North America, the Caribbean, and Latin America creates an unusually diverse spiritual landscape. Afro-Caribbean traditions including Santeria, Vodou, and Espiritismo coexist alongside Buddhist, Hindu, and Western contemplative communities. This diversity means practitioners in Miami can access spiritual perspectives from multiple continents within a single city, developing a broad experiential understanding of consciousness work.
What role does water play in Miami consciousness practice?
Water defines Miami at every level. The city sits on porous limestone saturated with the Biscayne Aquifer. The Everglades flow through the western boundary. The Atlantic Ocean borders the east. Biscayne Bay separates the mainland from the barrier islands. This omnipresence of water creates a practice environment where the element of fluidity, impermanence, and flow is constantly present, reinforcing contemplative insights about the nature of change.
Are there retreat options near Miami for extended practice?
The Great Mahakala offers group and personal retreats in Miami. Kadampa Meditation Center Miami hosts weekend workshops and day retreats. For extended silent retreat, the closest Vipassana centre in the S.N. Goenka tradition is the Southeast Vipassana Center in Jesup, Georgia, roughly six hours north. The Florida Keys provide informal retreat environments where practitioners can arrange personal practice periods in relative isolation from urban activity.
Miami strips away the illusion that consciousness practice requires stable, ancient, permanent ground. This city sits on rock that was ocean within human memory, drinks water filtered through coral, and borders a wilderness that appears still while flowing constantly southward. The Tequesta practised ceremony here for two millennia on ground they understood as both land and sea. Working with ORMUS in Miami means working with minerals in a context where the boundary between mineral and ocean, between solid and fluid, between permanence and change, dissolves into the porous limestone beneath your feet.
Sources and References
- Florida Museum of Natural History. "Florida Environmental History: Miami Limestone." Thompson Earth Systems Institute, University of Florida.
- Florida Atlantic University. "Virtual Field Trip of Selected Exposures of the Miami Limestone." Department of Geosciences.
- Gaiser, E.E., et al. "Periphyton as an indicator of restoration in the Florida Everglades." Ecological Indicators, Vol. 49, 2015, pp. 225-238.
- Perez, V., et al. "Air ions and mood outcomes: a review and meta-analysis." BMC Psychiatry, Vol. 13, 2013, Article 29.
- Florida Historical Society. "The Miami Circle." Florida Frontiers, Article 167.
- Prism Reports. "Building continues despite historical designation for Tequesta site." November 14, 2023.
- U.S. Geological Survey. "Geologic units in Florida." USGS Mineral Resources Data System.
- Southeastern Geological Society. "The Everglades." Guidebook No. 66, 2016.