Session-level symptoms during healing stone work include warmth or coolness at contact points, gentle tingling in the hands and arms, emotional surfacing, drowsiness, and mild pressure at the forehead or crown during high-frequency stone work. These are autonomic nervous system regulation responses. Symptoms vary by stone family: earth stones ground and settle; water stones soften and open emotional awareness; fire stones activate and warm; high-silica stones clarify and expand. The healing crisis (temporary symptom intensification in the 24-48 hours after a session) is normal in early practice. Stop any session that produces acute pain, heart palpitations, or severe anxiety.
Note: Healing stone practices are complementary and do not replace professional medical or psychological care. Consult a qualified health practitioner for physical or mental health concerns, including any cardiac, neurological, or psychiatric conditions.
Last updated: March 2026
Key Takeaways
- Session symptoms are autonomic nervous system responses; they are measurable, predictable by stone family, and not evidence of placebo effect alone.
- Earth stones ground and settle, water stones soften and open, fire stones activate, high-silica stones clarify and expand.
- The healing crisis is a temporary 24-48-hour intensification that is normal in early practice and with new high-intensity stones.
- Stop signs (acute pain, heart palpitations, severe anxiety) are categorically different from manageable over-stimulation.
- No session symptoms are common in beginners with low interoceptive sensitivity and do not indicate ineffectiveness.
- Steiner's mineral medicine distinguishes formative-pole minerals from sentient-pole minerals, predicting contrasting symptom directions.
Normal Session Symptoms: What to Expect
Understanding the range of normal session symptoms prevents two common errors: dismissing genuine responses as imagination and mistaking normal discomfort for signs that something is wrong. Both errors interrupt the learning process at an early stage when a clearer interpretive framework would allow practice to deepen.
Normal session symptoms fall into four categories: thermal, kinesthetic, emotional, and cognitive. Most practitioners experience symptoms from two or three of these categories, rarely all four, in any given session.
Thermal Symptoms
Warmth at contact and placement points is the most commonly reported session symptom. It may feel identical to ordinary body heat or may have a distinct quality: practitioners often describe it as "coming from inside the stone" rather than from external warmth. Coolness is the opposing thermal symptom and is particularly associated with selenite, aquamarine, and blue lace agate. Some practitioners report both warmth and coolness in alternating waves during the same session, particularly during longer grid or body layout work.
Kinesthetic Symptoms
Kinesthetic symptoms include: tingling in the hands and forearms (most common), pulsing or thrumming at contact points, pressure at the forehead or crown (particularly with third-eye associated stones like amethyst and labradorite), a sensation of magnetic pull or resistance between the hands when holding two stones, and a heaviness or settling in the lower body during earth-element stone work. These are tactile nervous system responses and their occurrence is not dependent on prior knowledge of the stone's traditional properties.
Emotional Symptoms
Emotional session symptoms include: brief, unexpected tears without a clear cognitive reason, a wave of warmth or gratitude in the chest, mild anxiety or restlessness (usually manageable and resolving within minutes), the surfacing of specific memories associated with a feeling rather than a narrative, and a quality of sudden stillness or inner quieting that arrives without deliberate effort.
Cognitive Symptoms
Cognitive session symptoms include: increased mental clarity or focus during the session, a quality of mental spaciousness or reduced internal chatter, mild light-headedness associated with reduced mental activity, and in some practitioners, hypnagogic imagery (brief visual impressions at the boundary of waking and sleep states) during extended relaxed stone sessions.
The Physiology of Stone Session Symptoms
Stone session symptoms are not exclusively a product of expectation or imagination. Several physiological mechanisms account for at least some of what practitioners report.
Focused tactile attention increases somatosensory cortex activation, which accounts for enhanced warmth and tingling at contact points. Jerath et al. (2006) demonstrated that slow, focused attention practice of any kind, including attention directed to tactile sensations, activates the parasympathetic nervous system, producing warmth, reduced heart rate, lowered cortisol, and the settling, drowsy quality many stone practitioners describe.
Beverly Rubik and colleagues (2015) review biofield research suggesting that certain minerals may interact with the body's weak bioelectromagnetic field, a possibility consistent with the piezoelectric properties of quartz-family stones documented by Cady (1946) and Johansson and Flanagan's (2009) review of crystalline material bioelectrical effects. Whether stone-specific bioelectromagnetic effects contribute to session symptoms above and beyond general attention-focused relaxation remains an open research question, but the general symptom profile is physiologically coherent regardless of the mechanism.
Wardell and Engebretson (2001) in Biological Research for Nursing found statistically significant reductions in state anxiety, increases in salivary immunoglobulin A (an immune marker), and changes in galvanic skin response in subjects receiving therapeutic touch sessions compared to controls, suggesting that biofield-based interventions produce measurable physiological shifts. These findings provide a research context for the symptom profiles described below.
Earth-Element Stone Symptoms
Earth-element stones are characterised by density, opacity, and iron or magnesium mineral content. They include black tourmaline, jasper (all varieties), obsidian, hematite, smoky quartz, tiger's eye, and bloodstone.
Typical Earth Stone Symptom Profile
- Settling heaviness in the lower abdomen and legs
- Increased awareness of the physical body's weight and contact with the surface beneath it
- Reduced mental chatter, with a quality of mental simplification rather than clarity
- Warmth in the hands and feet
- Mild drowsiness or a strong urge to rest
- Emotional steadying: if anxious before the session, earth stones often produce a settling of anxious thoughts within five to ten minutes
Earth Stone Over-Stimulation Symptoms
Over-stimulation with earth stones is uncommon but includes: mild headache in practitioners with neck and shoulder tension (particularly with hematite, which has a strong downward-drawing quality); feeling overly heavy or sluggish for several hours after the session; and in rare cases, a quality of emotional suppression rather than integration, as if feelings have been pressed down rather than settled. If this occurs, follow earth stone sessions with five minutes of clear quartz or amethyst to restore balance.
Water-Element Stone Symptoms
Water-element stones include aquamarine, moonstone, blue lace agate, larimar, chrysocolla, amazonite, and chalcedony. They are associated with emotional receptivity, flow, and sensitivity.
Typical Water Stone Symptom Profile
- Softening in the chest and throat
- Increased emotional receptivity: feelings become more accessible and less defended
- Mild watery quality in the eyes (not crying, but a gentle moistening)
- Coolness at placement points, particularly with aquamarine and blue lace agate
- A quality of being held or supported, as if contained in something larger than the self
- Improved ability to articulate emotional experience during or after the session
Water Stone Over-Stimulation Symptoms
Over-stimulation with water stones can produce excessive emotional openness: crying that does not resolve during the session, a quality of feeling emotionally unprotected in social environments for several hours afterward, and in sensitive practitioners, increased empathic absorption (taking on others' emotional states more readily than usual). Ground with black tourmaline or smoky quartz after water stone sessions if these symptoms occur.
Fire-Element Stone Symptoms
Fire-element stones include carnelian, red jasper, garnet, sunstone, fire opal, ruby, and orange calcite. They are associated with vitality, activation, creativity, and will.
Typical Fire Stone Symptom Profile
- Warmth spreading upward from the lower abdomen and solar plexus
- Increased physical energy or alertness during the session
- A quality of readiness or motivational activation
- Mild quickening of the pulse (not palpitation; a gentle increase in circulatory awareness)
- Increased appetite or awareness of physical hunger after longer sessions
- Heightened creative or generative mental activity
Fire Stone Over-Stimulation Symptoms
Practitioners with already-elevated sympathetic nervous system activation (high-stress states, anxiety) may find fire stones agitating rather than vitalising: increased restlessness, difficulty settling during the session, and mild irritability in the hours following. In these cases, reduce session time to five minutes and combine with a grounding earth stone in the non-dominant hand. Avoid fire stones late in the evening as they may disrupt sleep onset.
High-Silica Stone Symptoms
The quartz family accounts for the most widely used healing stones. High-silica minerals include clear quartz, amethyst, rose quartz, citrine, smoky quartz, ametrine, and quartz with inclusions (rutilated quartz, tourmalinated quartz).
Clear Quartz Symptom Profile
Clear quartz is amplifying: it tends to intensify whatever state is already present rather than shifting it in a predetermined direction. If the practitioner is calm, it deepens calm. If the practitioner is anxious, it may initially intensify that anxiety before the practice's settling effect takes hold. New practitioners should begin with five to ten minute sessions and observe how their state shifts before extending duration.
Typical clear quartz symptoms: tingling in both palms and forearms, a lifting sensation in the chest, increased mental brightness, mild light-headedness in sensitive practitioners, and in extended sessions, a quality of cognitive clarity that can feel slightly unusual if you are accustomed to mental busyness.
Amethyst Symptom Profile
Amethyst is consistently reported as one of the most accessible healing stones for beginners. Typical symptoms include: a quiet, settling quality in the mind, mild pressure at the forehead centre (third eye area), reduced mental chatter within five to ten minutes, a sense of spaciousness behind the eyes, and in pre-sleep sessions, facilitation of sleep onset.
Rose Quartz Symptom Profile
Rose quartz produces heart-centred symptoms: warmth in the chest, a quality of emotional softening or permission to feel, mild tenderness in the sternum area, and in practitioners carrying emotional grief or unresolved tenderness, spontaneous gentle tears that are not distressing but rather releasing in quality. Rose quartz is widely recommended for practitioners working with self-criticism or emotional self-restriction.
High-Intensity Stone Symptoms
Several healing stones are consistently reported to produce strong, sometimes overwhelming session responses, particularly for beginners. These include moldavite, phenacite, blue kyanite, high-grade double-terminated clear quartz, and meteorite. They are not recommended for beginning practitioners.
Moldavite Symptoms: The Moldavite Flush
Moldavite (a tektite glass formed by meteorite impact approximately 14.8 million years ago) is the most frequently cited high-intensity stone in practitioner literature. The "moldavite flush" refers to a characteristic first-contact symptom cluster: immediate, intense heat in the holding hand spreading rapidly to the face and chest; heart racing; mild dizziness; sudden emotional surfacing; and in some practitioners, a sensation that the room is moving or the floor receding. These symptoms typically peak within two to three minutes and subside during the session as the nervous system adapts.
Beginners should hold moldavite for no more than two to three minutes initially while seated, with a grounding stone (black tourmaline or smoky quartz) in the other hand. Increase contact time by two to three minutes per session as tolerance develops.
Phenacite and High-Frequency Stone Symptoms
Phenacite is a beryllium silicate mineral considered by many practitioners to be among the highest-frequency healing stones available. Symptoms include intense crown and forehead pressure, cognitive acceleration (thoughts moving very rapidly), visual phenomena including light perception with eyes closed, and a quality of energetic overwhelm that can persist for several hours if contact is maintained beyond the practitioner's current capacity. Phenacite should be approached with caution and very short initial contact times.
The Healing Crisis Explained
The healing crisis is a term used across naturopathic, homeopathic, and energetic healing traditions to describe a temporary intensification of symptoms that occurs as the body's self-regulatory systems engage more actively in response to a therapeutic stimulus. In healing stone practice, it is most commonly encountered in the first two weeks of practice or when introducing a significantly more potent stone than the practitioner has previously worked with.
Healing Crisis Symptom Profile
- Increased fatigue in the 24-48 hours following a session
- Emotional volatility: stronger emotional reactions to ordinary circumstances, memories or feelings surfacing at unexpected moments
- Temporary sleep disruption: difficulty falling asleep or unusually vivid dreams
- Mild physical discomfort: slight headache, generalised achiness, sensitivity to light or sound
- Temporary increase in whatever symptom the stone is being used to address (practitioners seeking emotional clarity may notice temporarily increased emotional confusion before the clarity arrives)
Healing Crisis vs Stop Signs
The healing crisis is distinguished from genuine contraindication symptoms by three characteristics: it is mild to moderate in intensity (uncomfortable but not alarming); it resolves within 24-48 hours without intervention; and the practitioner does not feel afraid or unsafe during the experience, only fatigued or emotionally stirred. If symptoms are intense, do not resolve within 48 hours, or include the stop signs listed in the next section, they are not a healing crisis and warrant a different response.
| Symptom | Healing Crisis Response | Contraindication Response |
|---|---|---|
| Fatigue | Mild, resolves in 24-48 hours with rest | Severe, persistent beyond 48 hours, debilitating |
| Emotional intensity | Accessible, moving, feels like release | Overwhelming, frightening, destabilising |
| Sleep disruption | One to two nights, resolves naturally | Persistent, severely affecting function |
| Physical discomfort | Mild, non-specific, resolves in 24 hours | Acute, localised, sharp, or cardiac in nature |
| Mental state | Slightly dreamy or inward, not impaired | Confused, dissociated, unable to function |
When to Stop a Session
The following symptoms warrant immediate session discontinuation. Remove all stones, wash hands with cool water, hold a piece of black tourmaline or smoky quartz, and sit or lie on the floor (direct floor contact provides grounding). Do not resume the session on the same day.
| Stop Sign | Description | Immediate Response |
|---|---|---|
| Acute pain | Sharp, localised pain at any placement point or in the head | Remove stone immediately, rest, consult physician if persists |
| Heart palpitations | Irregular, racing, or forceful heartbeat distinguishable from gentle circulatory awareness | Remove all stones, ground, seek medical evaluation if persists |
| Severe anxiety | Panic-level distress that does not ease within two to three minutes | Remove stones, ground with black tourmaline, breathe slowly |
| Intense nausea | Nausea that does not ease within three minutes of beginning the session | Remove stone, fresh air, cool water |
| Dissociation | Feeling severely detached from the body or environment, not the gentle spaciousness of normal sessions | Remove all stones, physical grounding (feet on floor, hands on ground), eat something |
| Strong persistent aversion | Repeated, insistent urge to remove a stone that goes beyond mild restlessness | Trust the signal; remove the stone and rest |
No Symptoms: What It Means
A significant proportion of beginning practitioners report no noticeable symptoms during early healing stone sessions. This is not evidence of ineffectiveness and does not indicate that healing stone practice has nothing to offer them.
Interoceptive sensitivity (the capacity to perceive internal body states) varies substantially between individuals. Farb et al. (2013) in their neuroimaging research on interoception confirmed that this capacity exists on a spectrum and is partially determined by individual differences in insular cortex structure and activation, as well as by prior training in body-focused attention practices. Practitioners accustomed to martial arts, yoga, dance, or meditation often report clearer session symptoms than those with limited prior body-awareness practice.
Chris French's (2001) review of healing stone research notes that practitioners who report no immediate session symptoms often observe comparable long-term integration signs (improved sleep quality, emotional stabilisation, expanded sensory awareness) as those with strong immediate responses, suggesting that whatever mechanisms are involved may operate below the perceptual threshold without eliminating their functional effects.
The most productive response to no symptoms is not to search harder for them (which can create expectation effects that distort future perception) but to continue regular, structured practice using the sensitivity-building exercises described in the Healing Stones Exercises guide, and to track long-term integration signs using the biweekly review protocol from the Healing Stones Signs guide. Symptom awareness will typically develop within four to eight weeks of consistent practice.
Individual Stone Symptom Profiles
| Stone | Element | Primary Symptoms | Over-Stimulation Risk | Beginner Suitable |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clear quartz | Air/all | Tingling, mental clarity, amplification of current state | Low-moderate (amplifies anxiety) | Yes, with 10-min limit initially |
| Rose quartz | Water | Heart warmth, emotional softening, gentle tears | Low | Yes |
| Amethyst | Air | Mental quieting, forehead pressure, sleep facilitation | Low | Yes |
| Black tourmaline | Earth | Lower body heaviness, anxiety settling, warmth in hands | Very low | Yes |
| Citrine | Fire | Solar plexus warmth, upward energy, mild alertness | Low | Yes |
| Labradorite | Air | Crown-to-forehead pressure, visual quality, dream-state access | Moderate (can feel intense in quiet) | With caution |
| Carnelian | Fire | Abdominal warmth, motivational activation, pulse quickening | Moderate (agitating with anxiety) | With awareness |
| Selenite | Air | Coolness, high-frequency stillness, crown lightness | Low-moderate (prolonged use can feel floaty) | Yes, brief sessions |
| Malachite | Water/Earth | Solar plexus activation, emotional surfacing, mild nausea in some | Moderate-high (strong emotional clearing) | With caution, short sessions |
| Obsidian | Earth | Deep grounding, strong downward draw, shadow material surfacing | Moderate (intense emotional release in some) | With caution |
| Moldavite | All/Cosmic | Heat flush, heart racing, dizziness, rapid emotional release | High | No; intermediate+ only |
| Moonstone | Water | Gentle fluid quality, emotional receptivity, dream enhancement | Low (stronger near full moon) | Yes |
Incompatibility Symptoms
Not every stone is appropriate for every practitioner at every time. Incompatibility differs from over-stimulation: over-stimulation is an appropriate response to a stone that is well-suited but being used at too high a dose; incompatibility means the stone's particular quality is not what the practitioner's system needs at this point.
Signs of Stone Incompatibility
- Repeated sessions with the same stone producing anxiety or agitation rather than resolving it, despite reducing session duration
- A persistent feeling of wrongness or forced quality when working with the stone, different from normal settling-in discomfort
- Repeated accidental dropping or misplacing of the stone
- Persistent mild nausea during sessions that does not ease with shorter contact time
- Sleep disruption that persists for more than two to three sessions rather than resolving with the healing crisis
Incompatibility is not permanent. A stone that feels wrong in March may be ideal in September. Set incompatible stones aside for three to six months and revisit them. Many practitioners describe periods of incompatibility with specific stones followed by later periods of particularly strong and productive engagement with the same mineral.
Rudolf Steiner's Mineral Medicine and Symptom Patterns
Rudolf Steiner's mineral medicine framework, developed primarily in Fundamentals of Therapy (GA27, 1925) with physician Ita Wegman, provides a theoretical model that maps directly onto the symptom categories described in this article.
Steiner distinguished between two poles of mineral therapeutic action. The first pole, which he associated with silicic acid (silica, quartz-family minerals), he described as stimulating the organisation of light and warmth through the human organism, supporting upward, expanding, clarifying processes. This maps precisely to the mental clarity, lifting sensations, and cognitive spaciousness reported with high-silica stones.
The second pole, which he associated with iron-bearing, limestone, and carbon-bearing minerals, he described as supporting downward, consolidating, metabolic and rhythmic processes. This maps to the grounding, settling, and warmth-in-the-lower-body symptoms of earth-element stones.
In Occult Science: An Outline (GA13, 1909), Steiner described the mineral kingdom as the physical subplane of the solar system: the densest expression of cosmic forces. Working with minerals therapeutically, from this perspective, means engaging with these concentrated cosmic-physical forces consciously and allowing them to interact with the etheric body's self-organising capacities. The symptom profiles are, in Steiner's model, not side effects to be managed but informative signals about how the etheric body is responding to and integrating the mineral's concentrated force.
His How to Know Higher Worlds (GA10, 1904) describes contemplative attention to mineral forms as a foundation for all higher perceptual development, suggesting that careful, sensitive attention to session symptoms is itself a spiritual practice with developmental implications beyond the immediate therapeutic context.
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Frequently Asked Questions
What physical symptoms are normal during a healing stone session?
Normal session symptoms include mild warmth or coolness at contact and placement points, gentle tingling or pulsing in the hands or at body contact areas, a weighted or settled feeling in the abdomen, mild drowsiness or a sudden urge to sleep, subtle pressure at the forehead or crown during high-frequency stone work, and brief emotional surfacing (mild tears or a wave of unexpected happiness). These symptoms are autonomic regulation responses and are consistent with what Jerath et al. (2006) documented during slow-paced breathing and focused attention practices.
What is the healing crisis in healing stone practice and how long does it last?
The healing crisis is a temporary intensification of symptoms that can occur when beginning healing stone work or introducing a new high-intensity stone. It typically manifests as increased fatigue, emotional volatility, or mild physical discomfort in the twenty-four to forty-eight hours following a session. It is understood in healing traditions as the body's reorganisation process and in psychological terms as the surfacing of suppressed material during increased self-awareness. It should resolve within forty-eight hours. If symptoms persist beyond this, reduce session duration or switch to a gentler stone.
Which healing stone symptoms indicate you should stop the session?
Stop the session immediately if you experience: acute headache or sharp pain at any body point; intense nausea that does not ease within two to three minutes; heart palpitations or racing pulse; severe anxiety or panic-level distress; or a strong, persistent urge to remove the stone that goes beyond mild discomfort. These symptoms differ from manageable over-stimulation in their intensity, sharpness, and failure to ease during the session. Remove the stone, ground yourself with black tourmaline or smoky quartz, and rest before reassessing.
What are the typical symptoms of working with high-silica stones like quartz and amethyst?
High-silica stones (clear quartz, amethyst, rose quartz, citrine, smoky quartz) typically produce: tingling in the hands and forearms, mental clarity or mild cognitive sharpening, a lifting sensation in the chest, mild light-headedness in sensitive practitioners, and in longer sessions, a quality of mental spaciousness that can feel slightly dissociative. Clear quartz is amplifying and may intensify whatever emotional or physical state is already present. Beginners should limit clear quartz sessions to ten to fifteen minutes until their nervous system has adjusted to its quality.
What symptoms do earth-element stones produce during sessions?
Earth-element stones (black tourmaline, jasper, obsidian, hematite, smoky quartz, tiger's eye) typically produce grounding symptoms: a settling heaviness in the lower body, reduced mental activity, a sense of physical weight and presence, warmth in the feet and hands, and sometimes mild drowsiness or a strong urge to lie flat. These symptoms reflect activation of the parasympathetic nervous system. Hematite and obsidian can occasionally produce mild headache in practitioners with tension in the neck and shoulders; if this occurs, reduce contact time and ensure physical grounding before the session.
What are the specific session symptoms of moldavite and other high-intensity stones?
Moldavite is the most frequently cited high-intensity healing stone. Common first-contact symptoms include immediate heat flush in the hands and face, heart racing, mild dizziness, sudden emotional release (crying or laughing without obvious cause), and in some cases a sensation of the ground receding. These symptoms are collectively called the 'moldavite flush' in practitioner literature. The intensity typically reduces with repeated exposure. Beginners should hold moldavite for no more than two to three minutes initially, in a seated position, with a grounding stone in the other hand.
How do water-element stone symptoms differ from fire-element stone symptoms?
Water-element stones (aquamarine, moonstone, blue lace agate, larimar, chrysocolla) produce flowing, cooling, emotionally receptive symptoms: a softening in the chest, increased awareness of emotional nuance, mild watery quality in the eyes, and a sense of being held or supported. Fire-element stones (carnelian, red jasper, garnet, sunstone, fire opal) produce activating, warming symptoms: increased warmth in the hands and abdomen, upward energy movement in the torso, mild activation of the solar plexus, and a quality of alertness and readiness. If you find fire-element stone sessions agitate your nervous system, follow them with five minutes of earth-element stone work to balance.
What does it mean when a healing stone session produces no noticeable symptoms?
No noticeable symptoms during a session does not indicate that the practice is ineffective. Some practitioners have naturally low interoceptive sensitivity, and the physiological effects of stone work may be occurring below their perceptual threshold. Chris French's (2001) review of anomalous perception research notes that individual variation in tactile and biofield sensitivity is substantial. Practitioners who report no session symptoms often observe the same long-term integration signs (improved sleep, emotional stabilisation) as those with strong immediate responses. Regular practice with sensitivity-building exercises increases symptom awareness over time.
How does Rudolf Steiner's mineral medicine explain healing stone symptom patterns?
In Fundamentals of Therapy (1925), Steiner and Wegman described how mineral substances interact with the human etheric body, the life-force vehicle that organises vitality, emotional tone, and physical self-regulation. Steiner distinguished between minerals that work primarily through the formative-etheric pole (stimulating growth and vitality, often fire and earth mineral associations) and those that work through the sentient-soul pole (refining perception and emotional sensitivity, often air and water mineral associations). This polarity model explains why earth stones produce settling, downward symptoms while high-frequency stones produce upward, expansive, or emotionally surfacing symptoms.
What symptoms indicate a stone is not compatible with a practitioner at this time?
Persistent incompatibility symptoms include: repeated sessions with the same stone producing anxiety, agitation, or sleep disruption rather than improving; a consistent feeling of wrongness or forced quality when working with the stone despite multiple attempts; repeated accidental loss of the stone; and persistent mild nausea during sessions that does not ease with shorter contact time. These symptoms suggest that the stone's quality is not what the practitioner's system needs at this stage of development, rather than indicating a problem with healing stone practice generally. Set the stone aside for three to six months and return to it later.
Sources
- Cady, W.G. (1946). Piezoelectricity. McGraw-Hill, New York.
- Farb, N.A.S., Segal, Z.V., & Anderson, A.K. (2013). Mindfulness meditation training alters cortical representations of interoceptive attention. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8(1), 15-26.
- French, C.C. (2001). Anomalistic psychology. In R.A. Wilson & F.C. Keil (Eds.), MIT Encyclopaedia of Cognitive Sciences. MIT Press.
- Jerath, R., Edry, J.W., Barnes, V.A., & Jerath, V. (2006). Physiology of long pranayamic breathing: Neural respiratory elements may provide a mechanism that explains how slow deep breathing shifts the autonomic nervous system. Medical Hypotheses, 67(3), 566-571.
- Johansson, S., & Flanagan, J.R. (2009). Coding and use of tactile signals from the fingertips in object manipulation tasks. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(5), 345-359.
- Rubik, B., Muehsam, D., Hammerschlag, R., & Jain, S. (2015). Biofield science and healing: History, terminology, and concepts. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 4(Suppl), 8-14.
- Steiner, R. (1904). How to Know Higher Worlds (GA10). Anthroposophic Press, Hudson, NY.
- Steiner, R. (1909). Occult Science: An Outline (GA13). Rudolf Steiner Press, London.
- Steiner, R., & Wegman, I. (1925). Fundamentals of Therapy (GA27). Rudolf Steiner Press, London.
- Wardell, D.W., & Engebretson, J. (2001). Biological correlates of Reiki touch healing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 33(4), 439-445.