Quick Answer
ORMUS cannot reverse aging. No supplement can. However, ORMUS minerals (selenium, zinc, magnesium, copper) serve as cofactors in antioxidant enzymes, DNA repair, and mitochondrial function, all of which influence the pace of biological aging. Selenium is associated with longer telomeres. Magnesium connects with virtually all 12 hallmarks of aging. Supporting these mineral-dependent systems through diet, ORMUS, or conventional supplements may promote healthier aging by addressing the mineral deficiencies that accelerate cellular decline.
Table of Contents
Key Takeaways
- Aging has 12 measurable hallmarks: From genomic instability to chronic inflammation, each hallmark involves mineral-dependent biochemical processes
- Selenium protects telomeres: Every 20 mcg increase in dietary selenium is associated with longer telomeres in adults over 45
- Magnesium touches all hallmarks: DNA repair, mitochondrial function, inflammation control, and neurodegeneration prevention all require magnesium as a cofactor
- COSMOS-Mind trial showed real results: Daily mineral supplementation slowed cognitive aging by approximately 2 years in older adults
- No supplement reverses aging: The honest goal is healthier aging (healthspan), not age reversal, and lifestyle factors remain more important than any supplement
Everyone ages. This is not a problem to solve but a reality to navigate well. The anti-aging industry would like you to believe otherwise, offering products that promise to turn back the biological clock. The science of aging, which has made remarkable progress in recent years, tells a more nuanced and more useful story.
We cannot reverse aging. But we can influence how it progresses. The difference between aging poorly and aging well is substantial, and much of that difference comes down to whether the cellular systems that maintain your body have the resources they need to keep working. Many of those resources are minerals.
This guide examines the actual science of aging, where minerals fit into that picture, and what ORMUS preparations can and cannot contribute to healthy longevity. No miracle claims. Just biochemistry, research, and practical guidance.
The 12 Hallmarks of Aging
In 2013, researchers published a landmark paper identifying nine hallmarks of aging, the measurable biological processes that drive age-related decline. In 2023, this framework was expanded to 12 hallmarks, reflecting new understanding of how aging actually works at the cellular level.
Understanding these hallmarks changes the conversation about aging from vague ideas about "getting old" to specific, measurable processes that can be influenced.
| Hallmark | What It Means | Mineral Connection |
|---|---|---|
| Genomic Instability | DNA accumulates damage over time | Zinc, Magnesium (DNA repair enzymes) |
| Telomere Attrition | Chromosome end-caps shorten with each division | Selenium (telomere length association), Zinc |
| Epigenetic Alterations | Gene expression patterns shift unfavourably | Selenium, Zinc (epigenetic modulators) |
| Loss of Proteostasis | Protein folding and cleanup mechanisms fail | Zinc (chaperone function), Copper |
| Mitochondrial Dysfunction | Cellular power plants decline | Magnesium, Iron, Copper (ETC cofactors) |
| Cellular Senescence | Cells stop dividing but remain active, secreting inflammatory signals | Selenium (senescence protection), Zinc |
| Stem Cell Exhaustion | Regenerative capacity diminishes | Zinc (stem cell maintenance), Iron |
| Altered Intercellular Communication | Cell signalling becomes dysregulated | Magnesium, Calcium (signalling pathways) |
| Dysregulated Nutrient Sensing | Metabolic pathways lose calibration | Zinc (insulin signalling), Magnesium |
| Disabled Macroautophagy | Cellular waste cleanup slows | Zinc, Magnesium (autophagy regulation) |
| Chronic Inflammation | Low-grade inflammation persists ("inflammaging") | Magnesium, Selenium, Zinc (anti-inflammatory) |
| Dysbiosis | Gut microbiome balance shifts | Zinc (gut barrier integrity), Selenium |
Notice the pattern. Zinc, magnesium, and selenium appear repeatedly across the hallmarks. These three minerals participate in the enzymatic and signalling systems that maintain cellular health. When they run low, maintenance falters, and aging accelerates. This is not speculation. It is documented biochemistry with each connection supported by peer-reviewed research.
Where Minerals Meet the Hallmarks
Let us examine the strongest mineral-aging connections in detail.
Magnesium: The Universal Aging Mineral
Magnesium connects with virtually every hallmark of aging, making it arguably the single most important mineral for healthy longevity.
For genomic instability, magnesium is a cofactor for DNA polymerase and multiple DNA repair enzymes. Without adequate magnesium, DNA damage accumulates faster. For mitochondrial dysfunction, magnesium participates in every step of ATP synthesis, and mitochondrial function is the hallmark most directly affected by magnesium deficiency. For chronic inflammation, a 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis confirmed that magnesium supplementation significantly reduces inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein and interleukin-1.
Animal studies have shown direct longevity effects. Magnesium supplementation enhanced mitochondrial function and prevented oxidative stress in tissues, resulting in extended lifespan in mice. While animal results do not automatically translate to humans, the mechanism (better mitochondrial function leads to less cellular damage leads to slower aging) is consistent with everything we know about human aging biology.
The practical problem: an estimated 50% of North Americans consume less than the recommended daily amount of magnesium. For a mineral that touches every hallmark of aging, this deficiency rate suggests a widespread, silent contribution to accelerated aging.
Selenium: The Telomere Guardian
Telomeres, the protective caps on chromosome ends, shorten with each cell division. When they become critically short, cells enter senescence (they stop dividing and begin secreting inflammatory signals) or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death). Telomere length is one of the most studied biomarkers of biological aging.
Research has found a positive association between dietary selenium intake and telomere length in adults over 45. Every 20 microgram increase in dietary selenium was associated with measurably longer telomeres. This association remained significant after controlling for age, sex, BMI, and other confounders.
The mechanism is well-characterized. Selenium powers glutathione peroxidase, the enzyme that neutralizes hydrogen peroxide and other reactive oxygen species. Oxidative stress accelerates telomere shortening because telomeric DNA is particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage (it is rich in guanine residues, which are the most easily oxidized DNA bases). By supporting antioxidant defense, selenium helps protect telomeres from the oxidative damage that hastens their attrition.
Selenium also protects keratinocyte stem cells against senescence, helping maintain the skin's ability to repair and regenerate. This may explain why selenium status correlates with skin aging outcomes in observational studies.
Zinc: The Immune Aging Mineral
Immunosenescence, the age-related decline in immune function, is one of the most consequential aspects of aging. The gradual weakening of immune surveillance increases susceptibility to infections, reduces vaccine effectiveness, and impairs the immune system's ability to detect and eliminate cancerous cells.
A 2020 review in Nutrients (Maares and Haase) detailed how zinc modulates aging through both immune regulation and general suppression of cellular stress. Zinc is required for the development and function of T cells, the adaptive immune cells that decline most dramatically with age. Zinc deficiency accelerates thymic involution (shrinkage of the thymus gland, which produces T cells), effectively aging the immune system faster.
Zinc also participates in over 2,000 enzymes involved in DNA repair, protein synthesis, and cell division, making it essential for maintaining the cellular machinery that keeps tissues functional throughout life.
The Deficiency-Aging Spiral
Aging and mineral deficiency create a self-reinforcing cycle. As you age, mineral absorption from food decreases due to reduced stomach acid production, changes in gut barrier function, and medication interactions. Lower mineral levels impair the cellular maintenance systems that keep aging in check. Faster aging further reduces absorption efficiency. This spiral means that older adults often need more mineral support precisely when their bodies are least equipped to obtain it from food alone. Breaking this cycle through supplementation may be one of the simplest interventions for healthy aging.
The Telomere Connection
Telomere biology deserves deeper examination because it represents one of the most concrete, measurable aspects of cellular aging.
Every time a cell divides, its telomeres shorten slightly because the DNA replication machinery cannot fully copy the chromosome ends. The enzyme telomerase can partially rebuild telomeres, but in most adult cells, telomerase activity is too low to prevent gradual shortening. When telomeres reach a critical length (the Hayflick limit), the cell can no longer safely divide.
Shorter telomeres are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, certain cancers, cognitive decline, and all-cause mortality. A 2025 review in Frontiers in Aging confirmed that telomere length associations extend across multiple disease categories and that interventions supporting telomere maintenance represent a promising avenue for longevity research.
Beyond selenium, several lifestyle and nutritional factors influence telomere length:
- Meditation: Studies by Elizabeth Blackburn (Nobel laureate for telomere research) showed that meditation retreat participants had increased telomerase activity compared to controls
- Exercise: Regular moderate exercise is associated with longer telomeres, with the most benefit from consistent aerobic activity
- Stress reduction: Chronic psychological stress accelerates telomere shortening through cortisol-mediated oxidative stress
- Anti-inflammatory diet: Diets rich in omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and minerals correlate with longer telomeres
An interesting convergence: the lifestyle factors that support telomere maintenance (meditation, exercise, stress reduction, mineral-rich nutrition) are the same factors supported by contemplative traditions for overall wellbeing. The science is catching up to wisdom that practitioners have applied for centuries.
Mitochondrial Aging
Mitochondrial dysfunction sits at the centre of aging biology. As mitochondria decline, cells produce less energy, generate more damaging reactive oxygen species, and trigger inflammatory signalling that accelerates aging throughout the body.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is particularly vulnerable to aging because it sits in close proximity to the electron transport chain (the primary source of cellular reactive oxygen species), lacks the protective histone proteins that shield nuclear DNA, and has less efficient repair mechanisms than nuclear DNA. The result is that mtDNA accumulates mutations roughly 10 times faster than nuclear DNA.
As mutations accumulate, electron transport chain efficiency drops. Less efficient chains produce more reactive oxygen species, which cause more mutations, creating a vicious cycle that progressively degrades cellular energy production throughout life.
Every mineral cofactor in the electron transport chain matters here. Iron and copper in the cytochromes (Complexes I-IV), magnesium in ATP synthase, and zinc in the antioxidant enzymes that protect mitochondrial membranes all contribute to maintaining the efficiency that slows this degradation cycle.
A 2024 analysis of mitochondrial supplements found that compounds supporting mitochondrial function (including CoQ10, alpha-lipoic acid, and PQQ) show promise for maintaining cellular energy production and reducing age-related oxidative stress. However, these compounds work on top of the mineral foundation. CoQ10 cannot shuttle electrons if the iron-sulphur clusters in the transport chain are depleted. The minerals come first.
Antioxidant Defense Systems
Your body does not rely on dietary antioxidants alone to combat oxidative stress. It produces its own antioxidant enzymes, and these enzymes require mineral cofactors to function.
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)
SOD converts superoxide radicals (the most common reactive oxygen species) into hydrogen peroxide, a less dangerous molecule. There are three forms: Cu/Zn-SOD (in the cytoplasm, requiring copper and zinc), Mn-SOD (in mitochondria, requiring manganese), and EC-SOD (extracellular, requiring copper and zinc). Without adequate copper, zinc, and manganese, SOD activity declines and superoxide damage increases.
Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx)
GPx converts hydrogen peroxide (produced by SOD) into water, completing the detoxification cycle. All GPx enzymes contain selenium at their active sites. Selenium deficiency directly reduces GPx activity, leaving hydrogen peroxide to damage cell membranes, proteins, and DNA. This is why selenium status correlates with markers of oxidative stress and biological aging.
Catalase
Catalase provides a second pathway for hydrogen peroxide detoxification, converting it to water and oxygen. Catalase contains iron at its active centre. While iron deficiency's effects on catalase are less studied than selenium's effects on GPx, the iron requirement represents another mineral-dependent checkpoint in antioxidant defense.
The Antioxidant Enzyme Decline
Endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity naturally decreases with age. SOD activity drops by roughly 50% between ages 20 and 80 in some tissues. GPx activity follows a similar decline. This is partly because enzyme protein production decreases (gene expression changes with age) and partly because mineral cofactor availability declines (absorption decreases with age). Maintaining mineral status does not fully prevent the enzyme decline, but it ensures that whatever enzyme protein your body produces has the cofactors needed to function at full capacity.
Cognitive Aging and Minerals
Cognitive decline is among the most feared aspects of aging, and mineral research offers some of the most promising findings in this area.
The COSMOS-Mind trial, published in Alzheimer's and Dementia, found that daily multivitamin-mineral supplementation slowed cognitive aging by approximately 2 years in older adults. This was not a marginal finding. Two years of preserved cognitive function represents a meaningful improvement in quality of life, and the intervention was simply a daily multivitamin-mineral supplement, not a specialized or expensive treatment.
A 2024 cross-sectional study in Shanghai examined dietary mineral intake and cognitive outcomes, finding that copper intake above approximately 1.3 mg per day was associated with significantly decreased cognitive decline, with odds ratios of 0.44 and 0.40 for cognitive impairment. Magnesium's protective effects were also significant, attributed to its ability to suppress neuroinflammation, modulate inflammatory mediators, and inhibit excessive amyloid beta-protein production involved in neurodegeneration.
These findings do not prove that minerals prevent dementia. They show that adequate mineral status, something achievable through diet or supplementation, is associated with better cognitive outcomes during aging. This is a meaningful, evidence-based finding that applies whether you obtain your minerals from food, conventional supplements, or ORMUS preparations.
ORMUS in the Longevity Context
With the aging biology mapped, here is where ORMUS fits honestly.
What ORMUS Provides
Dead Sea salt ORMUS preparations contain selenium, zinc, magnesium, copper, and other trace elements that participate in the aging-relevant pathways described above. Dead Sea water is naturally rich in these minerals, with particularly high magnesium and potassium concentrations.
For someone with mineral deficiencies (and the prevalence data suggests roughly half the population qualifies), correcting those deficiencies through ORMUS supports the antioxidant enzymes, DNA repair systems, mitochondrial function, and anti-inflammatory pathways that influence aging pace. This is a legitimate, evidence-based benefit.
What ORMUS Cannot Provide
No clinical study has tested ORMUS for any aging outcome. Claims that ORMUS reverses aging, extends lifespan, or produces rejuvenation effects have no supporting evidence from any research methodology. The monatomic state claims unique to ORMUS have not been evaluated in the context of longevity or cellular aging.
Alchemical traditions did associate certain preparations (the philosopher's stone, the elixir of life, aurum potabile) with rejuvenation and extended life. These traditions provide historical context for why ORMUS is marketed for longevity, but they do not constitute clinical evidence for these effects.
The Honest Comparison
Can ORMUS do something for healthy aging that a conventional mineral supplement cannot? Possibly, but there is no evidence to confirm it. The minerals are the same minerals regardless of source. The question of whether ORMUS mineral forms are absorbed or utilized differently than conventional forms remains unanswered by clinical research.
The practical advantage of ORMUS is the breadth of its mineral spectrum from a natural source. The practical advantage of conventional supplements is standardized dosing with known bioavailability. For longevity purposes, either approach addresses the mineral foundations of healthy aging.
Complementary Practices
Meditation, which has demonstrated telomere-protective effects, pairs naturally with ORMUS supplementation. An Amethyst Crystal Sphere used as a meditation focus supports the contemplative practice that benefits aging biology through stress reduction and telomerase activation. Clear Quartz, known as the "master healer" in crystal traditions, and Emerald, associated with vitality and renewal, are other popular choices for aging-focused meditation practices.
The Ultimate ORMUS Collection provides multiple preparations for those who want to explore different formulations. The Aultra Monatomic Gold ORMUS is particularly popular among practitioners interested in cognitive longevity, though its specific effects on cognitive aging are not clinically documented.
Evidence-Based Healthy Aging
The strongest evidence for healthy longevity does not come from supplements. It comes from lifestyle foundations that no product can replace.
The Big Five of Longevity
- Regular exercise: Both aerobic and resistance training. The single most evidence-supported intervention for healthy aging. Preserves muscle mass, bone density, cardiovascular function, and cognitive performance
- Adequate sleep: Seven to nine hours of quality sleep. Sleep is when cellular repair, waste clearance (glymphatic system), and growth hormone release occur. Poor sleep accelerates every hallmark of aging
- Stress management: Chronic stress accelerates telomere shortening, impairs immune function, increases inflammation, and damages the hippocampus. Meditation, social connection, and purpose-driven activity all reduce chronic stress
- Nutrient-rich diet: Mediterranean-style eating patterns consistently correlate with longer healthspan. Mineral-rich foods (leafy greens, nuts, seeds, seafood, whole grains) provide the cofactors for aging-protective enzymes
- Social connection: Loneliness and social isolation increase mortality risk by 26-32%, comparable to smoking 15 cigarettes daily. Social engagement protects cognitive function and supports immune health
Emerging Evidence
- Time-restricted eating: Limiting food intake to an 8-10 hour daily window activates autophagy (cellular cleanup) and improves metabolic markers associated with aging
- Cold exposure: Brief cold exposure activates brown fat, reduces inflammation, and triggers hormetic stress responses that may support cellular resilience
- Continuous learning: Cognitive engagement builds and maintains neural connections. The "cognitive reserve" built through lifelong learning protects against age-related cognitive decline
Supplements, including ORMUS, fill mineral gaps that diet may not cover. They are the foundation support, not the primary structure. An athlete who trains consistently, sleeps well, manages stress, eats real food, and maintains social connections, supplementing with ORMUS to ensure mineral adequacy, is doing everything that current evidence supports for healthy aging.
The Contemplative Approach to Aging
Contemplative traditions worldwide view aging not as a disease to cure but as a process to navigate with awareness. Stoic philosophy teaches acceptance of what cannot be changed while taking responsibility for what can be influenced. Buddhist practice frames aging as a teacher, pointing toward impermanence and the value of each moment. Rudolf Steiner described aging as a progressive spiritualization, where the withdrawal of physical vitality creates space for deeper wisdom. These perspectives do not conflict with supporting your biology through adequate mineral nutrition. They complement it. You can honour the aging process while also giving your cells the best conditions to maintain their function. Wisdom and biochemistry are not competitors.
A Longevity-Focused Daily Practice
- Morning: ORMUS or mineral supplement on empty stomach. 10-15 minutes of meditation (telomere-protective stress reduction). Morning sunlight exposure (circadian rhythm support)
- Midday: Movement of your choice, 30+ minutes (the single most evidence-supported longevity intervention)
- Throughout day: Mineral-rich foods at each meal. Adequate protein for muscle maintenance (critical after 40). Hydration
- Evening: Reduced light exposure. Brief reflection or gratitude practice (stress reduction). Consistent bedtime
- Weekly: Social engagement with friends or community. One activity that challenges your brain (new skill, puzzles, creative work)
This protocol costs almost nothing beyond the supplement. The exercise, sleep, social connection, and stress management components are free and carry the strongest evidence for healthy longevity.
Frequently Asked Questions
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Can ORMUS reverse aging?
No supplement can reverse aging. However, minerals found in ORMUS preparations serve as cofactors in antioxidant defense systems, mitochondrial function, and DNA repair pathways that influence how quickly aging progresses. Research shows selenium is associated with longer telomeres and magnesium connects with all major hallmarks of aging. Supporting these mineral-dependent systems may promote healthier aging, which is meaningfully different from reversing the aging process itself.
Which minerals are most important for longevity?
Selenium, zinc, magnesium, and copper have the strongest research connections to longevity. Selenium powers glutathione peroxidase antioxidant defense and is associated with longer telomeres in adults over 45. Zinc suppresses cellular stress and supports immune function that declines with age. Magnesium participates in DNA repair, mitochondrial function, and inflammation control. Copper supports antioxidant enzymes and is associated with preserved cognitive function above 1.3 mg daily intake.
Does selenium really affect telomere length?
Research shows a positive association between dietary selenium intake and telomere length in adults over 45, with every 20 microgram increase in selenium associated with measurably longer telomeres. Selenium also protects keratinocyte stem cells against senescence and supports DNA repair through selenoprotein enzymes. However, these are observational associations. No clinical trial has proven that supplementing selenium will lengthen your telomeres, only that higher selenium intake correlates with less telomere shortening.
What are the hallmarks of aging?
The expanded hallmarks of aging (updated 2023) include 12 interconnected processes: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, altered intercellular communication, dysregulated nutrient sensing, disabled macroautophagy, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis. Minerals influence several of these hallmarks through their roles in DNA repair, mitochondrial function, antioxidant defense, and immune regulation.
How does magnesium relate to aging?
Magnesium connects with virtually all hallmarks of aging. It participates in DNA repair enzymes that prevent genomic instability, supports mitochondrial ATP production that declines with age, modulates inflammatory mediators that drive chronic inflammation, and inhibits excessive amyloid beta-protein production involved in neurodegeneration. Animal studies show magnesium supplementation enhanced mitochondrial function and extended lifespan in mice, though human longevity trials are not yet available.
Is ORMUS better than regular supplements for anti-aging?
No clinical comparison exists between ORMUS and conventional mineral supplements for aging outcomes. ORMUS offers a broad mineral spectrum from natural sources (particularly Dead Sea salt preparations), while conventional supplements provide targeted, standardized doses with well-documented bioavailability. The monatomic state claims unique to ORMUS lack clinical validation for longevity benefits. Either approach can address the mineral deficiencies that accelerate aging processes.
What role do antioxidants play in aging?
Antioxidant defense systems neutralize reactive oxygen species that damage DNA, proteins, and cell membranes, causing cumulative cellular damage that drives aging. Key antioxidant enzymes require mineral cofactors: superoxide dismutase needs zinc and copper (or manganese), glutathione peroxidase needs selenium, and catalase needs iron. Endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity declines with age, making mineral cofactor availability increasingly important for maintaining whatever enzyme capacity remains.
Can minerals protect against cognitive decline?
Research supports mineral roles in cognitive maintenance. The COSMOS-Mind trial found daily multivitamin-mineral supplementation slowed cognitive aging by approximately 2 years in older adults. A 2024 cross-sectional study found dietary copper intake above 1.3 mg daily was associated with significantly decreased cognitive decline. Magnesium suppresses neuroinflammation and inhibits amyloid beta-protein accumulation. These benefits come from conventional mineral biochemistry, applicable to any adequate mineral source including ORMUS.
How does mitochondrial decline affect aging?
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central hallmark of aging. As mitochondria decline, cells produce less ATP energy, generate more reactive oxygen species, and trigger inflammatory signalling that accelerates aging. Mitochondrial DNA accumulates mutations roughly 10 times faster than nuclear DNA because it lacks protective histones and sits near the electron transport chain. Minerals support mitochondrial function directly: magnesium for ATP synthesis, iron and copper for the electron transport chain, and zinc for membrane protection.
What is the most evidence-based approach to healthy aging?
The strongest evidence supports regular physical exercise (both aerobic and resistance training), adequate sleep of seven to nine hours, stress management through meditation or social connection, nutrient-rich eating patterns emphasizing vegetables, nuts, seeds, and seafood, and meaningful social engagement. Supplements, including ORMUS, can fill nutritional gaps but cannot substitute for these lifestyle foundations. No supplement has been shown to extend human lifespan in clinical trials, though several show promise for extending healthspan, the period of life spent in good health.
Aging is not optional, but how you age is influenced by choices you make every day. The minerals in your diet and supplements support the cellular systems that determine whether you age with resilience or rapid decline. Feed those systems what they need. Move your body. Sleep well. Manage stress. Stay connected to people and purpose. And be honest about what supplements can and cannot do. They fill gaps. They do not work miracles. The real miracle is the 37 trillion cells in your body, each running thousands of mineral-dependent reactions every second, working to keep you alive and functional. Give them what they need, and they will keep doing their remarkable work for as long as biology allows.
Disclaimer: This article is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. ORMUS products are not evaluated by Health Canada or the FDA for anti-aging, longevity, or any health condition. Age-related health concerns including cognitive decline, cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders, and bone loss should be evaluated and managed by qualified healthcare providers. Do not use supplements as a substitute for medical evaluation or treatment of age-related conditions. Consult your healthcare provider before starting any supplement regimen, especially if you take prescription medications.
Sources and References
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- Maares, M. and Haase, H. (2020). "Role of Zinc and Selenium in Oxidative Stress and Immunosenescence: Implications for Healthy Aging and Longevity." Nutrients, 12(4), 1048.
- Yeung, S.S.Y. et al. (2023). "COSMOS-Mind: Multivitamin-mineral supplementation and cognitive function." Alzheimer's and Dementia, 19(4), 1308-1319.
- Chen, R. et al. (2024). "Associations of dietary mineral intakes with cognitive outcomes in Chinese adults." Frontiers in Nutrition, 11, 1354082.
- Tan, D.X. et al. (2018). "Pineal Calcification, Melatonin Production, Aging, Associated Health Consequences." Molecules, 23(2), 301.
- Targeting the hallmarks of aging: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities (2025). Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 12, 1631578.
- Veronese, N. et al. (2025). "Magnesium supplementation, oxidative stress and inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis." Nutrients, 17(2), 412.
- Kim, S.H. and Park, S. (2022). "Nutritional components as mitigators of cellular senescence in organismal aging." Food Science and Biotechnology, 31(9), 1089-1109.