Helena Petrovna Blavatsky (1831–1891) was a Russian mystic, author, and co-founder of the Theosophical Society. She is considered a pioneer of modern esotericism and is best known for her writings on occult philosophy and spiritual evolution.

Theosophy is a spiritual philosophy blending Eastern and Western esoteric traditions. It teaches the unity of all life, the existence of universal laws (like karma), and the evolution of the soul through multiple incarnations.

Founded in 1875 by Blavatsky, Henry Steel Olcott, and William Quan Judge, the Theosophical Society aims to promote universal brotherhood, explore comparative religion, and investigate the mysteries of nature and human potential.

Her major works include:

1. Isis Unveiled (1877): A critique of materialism and organized religion, advocating for spiritual knowledge.
2. The Secret Doctrine (1888): A two-volume work outlining esoteric cosmology, human evolution, and universal wisdom.
3. The Voice of the Silence (1889): A spiritual guide based on Eastern teachings.

Blavatsky was instrumental in bringing Eastern spiritual concepts, such as karma, reincarnation, and the unity of all life, to Western audiences. She combined these with Western esoteric traditions to create a global spiritual framework.

In The Secret Doctrine, Blavatsky described humanity's spiritual evolution through seven "Root Races," each representing a stage of development. These ideas are controversial and have been criticized for being misinterpreted or misused in ways she did not intend.

Blavatsky claimed that the Ancient Wisdom is a body of esoteric knowledge passed down through secret teachings, underlying all major religions and spiritual traditions.

Blavatsky claimed to be in contact with "Mahatmas" or spiritual masters, who she said guided her teachings. These beings were believed to reside in Tibet and represent advanced stages of spiritual evolution.