Quick Answer
Chakra protection uses visualisation, crystals, grounding, and energetic boundaries to shield your seven energy centres from absorbing negative energy, emotional overwhelm, and psychic interference from external sources.
In This Article
- What Is Chakra Protection?
- Why You Need Chakra Protection
- Signs Your Chakras Need Protection
- Emotional Contagion and Energy Sensitivity
- Protecting Each of the Seven Chakras
- 7 Proven Chakra Protection Techniques
- Daily Chakra Protection Practice
- Crystals for Chakra Protection
- Advanced Protection for Healers and Empaths
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Sources and References
Key Takeaways
- Chakra protection creates intelligent, permeable energetic boundaries that filter negative energy while allowing positive connections to flow freely.
- The solar plexus and heart chakras are most vulnerable to absorbing external energy, especially for empaths and highly sensitive people.
- Daily practice of even two to five minutes is more effective than occasional intensive sessions for building lasting energetic resilience.
- Research on emotional contagion confirms that humans unconsciously absorb the emotional states of those around them, supporting the need for intentional energetic boundaries.
- Combining multiple protection methods (visualisation, crystals, grounding, and sound) creates layered defence that adapts to different environments and situations.
What Is Chakra Protection?
Chakra protection refers to a set of energy practices designed to safeguard your chakras (the body's seven primary energy centres) from unwanted external influences. Just as you protect your physical body from environmental hazards, chakra protection creates energetic boundaries that filter what enters your subtle body while still allowing positive energy to flow freely.
The concept is rooted in the ancient understanding that human beings are not just physical bodies but also energetic ones. In Vedic tradition, the chakras function as spinning wheels of energy that receive, process, and distribute life force (prana) throughout the body. When these centres are left unprotected, they can absorb disruptive energies from other people, stressful environments, or emotionally charged situations.
Chakra protection does not mean shutting down your energy system or becoming emotionally closed off. Rather, it involves creating intelligent, permeable boundaries that allow beneficial exchanges while deflecting energies that would destabilise your system. Think of it as the energetic equivalent of healthy personal boundaries in relationships.
The practice has roots in multiple spiritual traditions. Hindu and Buddhist traditions describe elaborate systems of energetic anatomy that include natural protective mechanisms. Indigenous healing traditions worldwide incorporate shielding practices as part of their energy medicine. Modern energy workers have synthesised these approaches into accessible techniques that can be practised by anyone, regardless of spiritual background or belief system.
Your Protective Journey Begins
If you are new to chakra protection, start with a single technique and practise it consistently for two weeks before adding additional methods. The white light shield (described below) is the most accessible starting point and works well for beginners. As your sensitivity to energy develops, you will naturally recognise which additional techniques serve your particular needs. Trust the process and allow your protective practice to evolve organically.
Why You Need Chakra Protection
Every day, you interact with dozens of energy fields. Conversations, social media, crowded spaces, news media, and even the emotional states of people around you generate energetic information that your chakra system processes automatically. Without conscious protection practices, your chakras can become overloaded, unbalanced, or contaminated by energies that do not serve your well-being.
Research on the human biofield by Rubik et al. (2015) has documented that measurable electromagnetic fields extend beyond the physical body, and these fields interact with the fields of others. This scientific framework supports the experiential reports of energy workers who describe absorbing or being affected by external energies.
The modern world presents particular challenges for energetic health. Digital communication exposes us to the emotional energy of hundreds or thousands of people daily through social media feeds, news reports, and messaging platforms. Urban environments concentrate many energy fields into small spaces. High-stress workplaces create persistent fields of tension, anxiety, and competition that unprotected chakras absorb continuously.
Who Needs Chakra Protection Most?
Empaths and highly sensitive people (HSPs) are particularly vulnerable to energetic overwhelm. Research by Aron and Aron (1997) identified sensory-processing sensitivity as a trait found in approximately 15 to 20 percent of the population. People with this trait process stimuli more deeply and are more easily affected by the emotional states of others, making energy protection practices especially valuable. A follow-up neuroimaging study by Acevedo et al. (2014) confirmed that highly sensitive individuals show significantly greater brain activation in regions associated with awareness, empathy, and action planning when exposed to images of others' emotional states, providing neurological evidence for the heightened energetic permeability that sensitives report.
Healers and energy workers regularly open their energy fields to connect with clients, which creates vulnerability if proper protection protocols are not followed. Without adequate shielding, practitioners can absorb their clients' pain, emotional distress, or energetic imbalances. This phenomenon, sometimes called "healer's fatigue," is one of the primary reasons energy workers burn out or develop chronic health issues.
Anyone in high-stress environments, including healthcare workers, teachers, counsellors, customer service professionals, and caregivers, benefits from chakra protection. These roles require sustained emotional engagement with others, creating constant energetic exchange that can deplete unprotected chakras.
Signs Your Chakras Need Protection
Your chakra system often signals when it needs better protection. Learning to recognise these signs allows you to respond proactively rather than waiting until you are energetically depleted.
Physical signs: Unexplained fatigue after social interactions, headaches in crowded environments, tension in the solar plexus area (gut tightening), heaviness in the chest, or feeling physically drained after being around certain people. Some individuals report feeling a distinct "thickness" in the air around draining people or places, along with sudden temperature changes in their body that correspond to chakra locations.
Emotional signs: Sudden mood shifts that do not match your circumstances, absorbing other people's emotions as if they were your own, difficulty distinguishing your feelings from those around you, emotional exhaustion without clear cause, or feeling anxious or agitated in specific locations. Pay particular attention to emotions that appear rapidly when you enter a new space or begin a conversation and dissolve just as quickly when you leave.
Mental signs: Racing thoughts after conversations, difficulty concentrating in busy environments, intrusive thoughts that feel foreign, mental fog or confusion that lifts when you are alone, or obsessive thinking about other people's problems. You may also notice that your inner dialogue takes on the tone or vocabulary of people you have recently spent time with.
Energetic signs: Feeling as though your energy is being pulled or drained, sensing heaviness or density in your aura, noticing your mood deteriorate in specific places, feeling like you need to recover after ordinary social interactions, or experiencing persistent energetic attachment to someone despite wanting to move on. These signs are often the most subtle but become increasingly recognisable with practice.
Protection Check-In Frequency
Daily (non-negotiable): Morning shield visualisation (2 to 5 minutes) and evening energy scan before sleep.
As needed: Reinforce shields before entering challenging environments, after difficult conversations, or whenever you notice your energy shifting unexpectedly.
Weekly: One extended protection session (15 to 20 minutes) that includes salt cleansing, crystal charging, and deep grounding work.
Monthly: Full chakra audit with attention to which centres have been most affected and whether your protection strategies need adjustment.
Emotional Contagion and Energy Sensitivity
The scientific concept of emotional contagion provides a research-backed framework for understanding why chakra protection matters. Hatfield, Cacioppo, and Rapson (1993) published groundbreaking research demonstrating that humans automatically and unconsciously mimic the facial expressions, vocal tones, postures, and movements of those around them. This mimicry then feeds back into emotional experience, meaning that you literally begin to feel what those around you are feeling.
This process happens rapidly and below conscious awareness. In a crowded room, your nervous system is continuously picking up and processing the emotional signals of everyone around you. For highly sensitive individuals, this processing occurs with greater intensity and depth. The result is that without conscious boundaries, you can leave a social gathering feeling exhausted, anxious, or sad without understanding why.
Research on the neuroscience of empathy by Decety and Jackson (2004) revealed the functional architecture that underlies this process. Their work showed that empathic responses involve shared neural representations between the observer and the person being observed, meaning that when you witness someone in distress, your brain activates many of the same circuits as if you were experiencing that distress yourself. This finding has profound implications for anyone who works closely with suffering individuals.
Chakra protection practices work with this understanding by creating intentional filters between your nervous system and the emotional signals in your environment. Rather than absorbing everything unconsciously, you develop the capacity to observe emotional energy without being overwhelmed by it. This does not diminish compassion or empathy. Instead, it allows you to engage with others from a place of strength rather than depletion.
Protecting Each of the Seven Chakras
Each of the seven major chakras has specific vulnerabilities and benefits from targeted protection strategies. Understanding these individual characteristics allows you to customise your protection practice based on your particular sensitivities.
Root Chakra (Muladhara)
Located at the base of the spine, the root chakra governs your sense of safety and security. It becomes vulnerable when you feel physically threatened, financially unstable, or ungrounded. Protection involves grounding practices such as walking barefoot on earth, visualising roots extending from your spine deep into the ground, and working with red or black crystals like red jasper or black tourmaline. The root chakra is your energetic foundation, and when it is well-protected, all other chakras benefit from increased stability.
Sacral Chakra (Svadhisthana)
This chakra, situated below the navel, processes emotions and creative energy. It is especially susceptible to absorbing others' emotional states and can become overwhelmed in emotionally charged environments. Protection involves setting clear emotional boundaries, visualising an orange sphere of light with a protective membrane around the lower abdomen, and carrying carnelian or orange calcite. Empaths often find that their sacral chakra absorbs the most external energy, making it a priority for protection.
Solar Plexus Chakra (Manipura)
Located at the stomach area, this is often the first chakra to register energetic threat, producing the "gut feeling" many people experience around negative energy. It governs personal power and is targeted by manipulative or dominating energies. Protection involves strengthening your sense of self-worth, visualising a golden shield at the solar plexus, and working with citrine or tiger's eye. When your solar plexus is well-protected, you maintain your sense of personal authority even in challenging interpersonal dynamics.
Heart Chakra (Anahata)
The heart chakra is the bridge between lower and upper chakras and processes love, compassion, and connection. It is vulnerable to emotional wounds, grief, and codependent relationships. Protection here requires subtlety: you want to remain open to love while filtering out energetic manipulation. Visualise green or pink light surrounded by a breathable membrane, and work with rose quartz or green aventurine. The heart chakra teaches us that true protection is not about building walls but about developing discernment.
Throat Chakra (Vishuddha)
This chakra governs communication and self-expression. It becomes vulnerable when your voice is suppressed, when you absorb critical or aggressive speech, or when you feel unable to speak your truth. Protection involves practising authentic communication, visualising blue light at the throat with a filter that allows your truth out while blocking harmful words coming in, and carrying lapis lazuli or blue lace agate. People who work in environments with frequent conflict or criticism should pay special attention to throat chakra protection.
Third Eye Chakra (Ajna)
Located at the centre of the forehead, the third eye governs intuition, perception, and psychic abilities. It is vulnerable to information overload, psychic interference, and deceptive energies. Protection involves limiting media consumption, practising discernment in spiritual settings, and visualising an indigo shield at the brow. Amethyst and labradorite are protective stones for this centre. In our information-saturated world, the third eye requires more protection than ever before.
Crown Chakra (Sahasrara)
The crown chakra at the top of the head connects you to higher consciousness and spiritual guidance. It is vulnerable to spiritual bypassing, ungrounded spiritual practices, and attachment to transcendent states that disconnect you from earthly reality. Protection involves maintaining strong grounding practices alongside any crown-opening work, and visualising violet or white light with a discerning filter that admits only highest-frequency guidance. The crown chakra reminds us that spiritual protection includes staying connected to the earth while reaching toward the sky.
Practice: The Seven-Layer Shield
This advanced technique creates individual protection for each chakra in a single session. Find a quiet space and sit comfortably. Beginning at the root chakra, visualise a sphere of red light forming around the base of your spine. See the sphere as strong but breathable, like a membrane that filters incoming energy. Hold this image for three breaths.
Move upward to the sacral chakra and create an orange sphere. Continue through each centre: yellow at the solar plexus, green at the heart, blue at the throat, indigo at the third eye, and violet at the crown. With each sphere, take three breaths to establish it firmly.
Once all seven spheres are in place, visualise them merging into a single unified field of white-gold light that extends about an arm's length from your body in all directions. This unified field combines the protective qualities of all seven individual shields into one cohesive barrier. Set the intention that this field will remain active throughout your day, adapting its permeability based on the environments you encounter.
7 Proven Chakra Protection Techniques
1. The White Light Shield
The most widely practised protection technique involves visualising brilliant white light surrounding your entire body. Begin by taking several deep breaths. Imagine a sphere of radiant white or golden light forming around you, extending about an arm's length in every direction. See this light as both protective and permeable: it repels negative energy while allowing love, joy, and positive connections to flow through. Hold this visualisation for two to three minutes, then set the intention that it remains active throughout your day. With consistent daily practice, the shield becomes easier to establish and holds its strength longer.
2. The Mirror Shield
This technique is especially effective when you anticipate encountering difficult or draining energy. Visualise a reflective, mirror-like surface surrounding your aura. Any negative energy directed at you simply reflects back to its source, transformed into neutral energy. This technique is particularly useful before meetings with challenging individuals or visits to energetically dense environments like hospitals or courthouses. Some practitioners prefer to visualise the reflected energy being transformed into light rather than returned to its source, which avoids any potential karmic concerns about sending energy back.
3. Chakra Sealing
After meditation, healing sessions, or any practice that opens your chakras widely, it is essential to return them to a balanced state rather than leaving them fully open. Visualise each chakra as a flower that has opened during your practice. Starting from the crown and moving downward, see each flower gently closing its petals to a comfortable, half-open position. The chakras remain active but are no longer fully exposed. This practice is especially valuable after group meditation, where the combined energy of multiple people can leave your centres overly expanded.
4. Grounding and Earthing
Connecting with the earth's energy provides natural protection, especially for the lower chakras. Stand barefoot on natural ground (grass, soil, sand, or rock) and visualise roots extending from the soles of your feet deep into the earth. Research by Chevalier et al. (2012) has shown that direct physical contact with the earth's surface produces measurable physiological changes, including reduced inflammation and improved autonomic nervous system function. Even when you cannot be outdoors, visualising this connection activates many of the same neurological pathways and provides meaningful energetic benefits.
5. Salt Cleansing
Salt has been used for energetic purification across virtually every culture throughout history. Bathing in Epsom salt or sea salt draws out accumulated negative energy from the chakra system. Add one to two cups of salt to a warm bath and soak for 20 minutes, visualising dark or heavy energy dissolving into the water. Alternatively, placing bowls of salt in your living or working space can absorb ambient negative energy. Replace the salt weekly and dispose of used salt by flushing it or placing it in running water.
6. Sound Protection
Each chakra resonates with specific sound frequencies. Chanting the Sanskrit seed syllables (bija mantras) for each chakra strengthens and protects the energy centres. The sequence from root to crown is: LAM, VAM, RAM, YAM, HAM, OM, AH (or silence). Singing bowls, tuning forks, and specific musical frequencies can also be used to create a protective sound field around the body. Even listening to recordings of these frequencies while working or sleeping provides a passive layer of energetic protection throughout the day.
7. Crystal Grid Protection
Creating a crystal grid around your meditation space, bed, or home office provides passive, ongoing chakra protection. Place four black tourmaline points at the four corners of the space, pointing outward. Add clear quartz points between them to amplify the protective field. Cleanse and recharge the grid monthly under the full moon or with sage smoke. For enhanced protection, add a selenite tower at the centre of the grid to continuously purify the energy within the protected space.
Daily Chakra Protection Practice
Consistent daily practice is more effective than occasional intensive sessions. Building chakra protection into your daily routine creates cumulative benefits that strengthen your energetic boundaries over time.
Morning (2 to 5 minutes): Begin each day with the chakra shield visualisation. You can do this in bed, during your shower, or while drinking your morning tea. The key is consistency rather than duration. Even on your busiest days, commit to a minimum of 30 seconds of shield visualisation before you leave your home.
Throughout the day: Before entering challenging environments or interactions, take three breaths and briefly reinforce your shield. When you notice your energy shifting unexpectedly, pause and check whether you are absorbing external energy. If so, visualise your shield brightening and any foreign energy flowing out through the soles of your feet into the earth. Carry a protection crystal in your pocket as a physical reminder of your energetic boundaries.
Evening (5 to 10 minutes): Before sleep, perform a brief chakra check-in. Scan from root to crown, noticing any chakras that feel heavy, depleted, or overly active. Send cleansing energy to any areas that need attention. If you have been in demanding energetic environments, take a salt bath or spend a few minutes in grounding visualisation. Close any chakras that may have opened during the day's experiences.
Research on the benefits of regular mindfulness practices supports the value of daily energy hygiene. A meta-analysis by Khoury et al. (2013) found that consistent mindfulness-based practices produced significant improvements in anxiety, depression, and stress management, effects that parallel the reported benefits of regular chakra protection practice.
Integrating Protection into Daily Life
The most effective chakra protection does not feel like an additional task on your to-do list. It becomes woven into the fabric of your daily experience. As you develop your practice, you will begin to notice that protection becomes semi-automatic. Your energy system learns to activate shielding in response to environmental cues, much as your immune system activates defences when it encounters pathogens. The conscious practices you perform each day are training your subtle body to protect itself, building energetic resilience that operates even when you are not actively focusing on it. Trust this process. Over weeks and months of consistent practice, you will notice that situations that once drained you completely now have a much milder impact.
Crystals for Chakra Protection
Specific crystals offer targeted protection for individual chakras and the energy field as a whole. Working with crystals adds a tangible, physical dimension to your protection practice that many people find grounding and reassuring.
Black Tourmaline is considered the premier protection crystal in energy work. It creates a powerful energetic boundary that repels negative energy while grounding the root chakra. Carry a piece in your pocket or wear it as a pendant for all-day protection. Black tourmaline is also one of the few crystals that does not need frequent cleansing, as it naturally transmutes negative energy rather than absorbing it.
Black Obsidian provides psychic protection and helps reveal hidden truths. It is particularly effective for shielding the root and sacral chakras and is recommended for empaths who absorb others' emotions. Use black obsidian with awareness, as it can also bring suppressed emotions to the surface for processing.
Amethyst protects the third eye and crown chakras from psychic interference and spiritual deception. It promotes discernment in spiritual experiences and helps maintain clear energetic boundaries during meditation. Placing amethyst on your nightstand can also protect your energy field during sleep, when your natural defences are at their lowest.
Labradorite is known as the "stone of transformation" and creates an energetic shield that prevents energy leakage from the aura. It is especially helpful for healers and energy workers who need protection during client sessions. Labradorite's iridescent flashes serve as a visual reminder of its protective qualities.
Smoky Quartz grounds and protects all seven chakras simultaneously. It absorbs and transmutes negative energy rather than simply deflecting it, making it an excellent choice for environments where negative energy is persistent. Smoky quartz is particularly effective when placed at the base of the spine during meditation.
Selenite provides high-frequency protection for the upper chakras (throat, third eye, and crown). It creates a peaceful, cleansed atmosphere and can be placed on windowsills to create a protective perimeter around your home. Selenite also cleanses other crystals placed near it, making it an essential component of any crystal protection collection.
Advanced Protection for Healers and Empaths
Professional energy workers and deeply empathic individuals often need protection practices that go beyond the basics. The constant opening and closing of the energy field that healing work requires creates unique vulnerabilities that standard techniques may not fully address.
The Practitioner's Protocol: Before each client session, spend two minutes establishing a layered shield. First, ground yourself with the root connection to the earth. Then activate individual chakra shields, paying special attention to the heart and solar plexus. Finally, set a clear intention that you will facilitate healing without absorbing your client's energy. After the session, immediately wash your hands in cold water (a traditional cleansing practice), shake out your hands and arms, and spend one minute resetting your energy field.
The Empath's Daily Armour: If you identify as an empath, your morning protection practice should be non-negotiable. Begin with the seven-layer shield described above, then add an additional outer layer that specifically filters emotional energy. Visualise this outer layer as a fine mesh that allows the information content of emotions through (so you can still read situations and people) while blocking the energetic charge (so you do not feel the emotions as your own). This distinction between emotional information and emotional charge is a key skill for empaths who want to maintain their sensitivity without being overwhelmed.
Cord Cutting: Energetic cords form between people during interactions, and some of these cords persist long after the interaction ends. Regularly scan your energy field for cords that are draining you. Visualise each unwanted cord and, with clear intention, see it dissolving in light. This practice is not about cutting off relationships but about releasing energetic attachments that no longer serve you. Many practitioners perform cord cutting before sleep each night to prevent the accumulation of unwanted energetic connections.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I know if my chakras are under psychic attack?
Signs of energetic intrusion on your chakras include sudden unexplained exhaustion, persistent negative thoughts that feel foreign to your normal thinking patterns, physical pain or pressure at specific chakra locations without medical cause, recurring nightmares, and feeling drained after contact with specific individuals. If these symptoms appear suddenly and intensify around certain people or places, your chakras may need additional protection and cleansing.
Can you over-protect your chakras?
Yes, excessive shielding can create energetic isolation, blocking positive connections and emotional intimacy along with negative influences. The goal is permeable protection that filters rather than walls off. If you find yourself feeling emotionally numb, disconnected from others, or unable to receive love and positive energy, your protection practices may be too rigid. Adjust your visualisations to include "breathing" shields that allow beneficial energy through.
How often should I practise chakra protection?
Daily practice is recommended, even if brief. A two to five minute morning protection visualisation provides a foundation for the day. Additional reinforcement is helpful before entering challenging environments. More intensive protection practices, like salt baths or crystal grid maintenance, can be done weekly. Consistency matters more than duration: a daily two-minute practice is more effective than an occasional hour-long session.
Which chakra is most vulnerable to negative energy?
The solar plexus chakra (located at the stomach area) is often the first to register and absorb negative energy, which is why many people experience "gut feelings" about dangerous situations or people. The heart chakra is also highly vulnerable, especially in codependent relationships or during grief. Empaths tend to be most vulnerable at the sacral and heart chakras, where emotional energy is processed and relational bonds are formed.
Do I need to close my chakras for protection?
You do not need to fully close your chakras, and doing so can create blockages. Instead, practise adjusting them to an appropriate level of openness. After meditation or healing work (when chakras are fully expanded), gently return them to a balanced, partially open state. Think of it like adjusting the aperture on a camera: fully open for spiritual work, slightly narrowed for everyday protection, but never fully closed.
Can crystals really protect your chakras?
Many energy practitioners report that crystals provide effective energetic shielding, though scientific research on crystal healing remains limited. What is documented is that crystals have measurable electromagnetic properties (piezoelectricity in quartz, for example) and that belief in protective objects can activate genuine stress-reduction responses in the body. Whether through direct energetic interaction or psychologically mediated effects, protection crystals serve as tangible anchors for protective intention.
Is chakra protection necessary for meditation?
Basic chakra protection before meditation is advisable, especially during group meditation or when meditating in unfamiliar spaces. Meditation naturally opens the chakras, increasing receptivity to both positive and potentially disruptive energies. A brief pre-meditation protection visualisation (30 seconds to one minute) creates a safe container for deeper practice without limiting its benefits. Always include a closing and grounding practice at the end of meditation.
How long does a chakra protection shield last?
The duration of a protection shield depends on the strength of your visualisation, your energetic state, and the environments you encounter. For most people, a morning shield holds well for several hours under normal conditions. In highly charged environments (hospitals, arguments, large crowds), the shield may weaken faster and need reinforcement. With consistent daily practice over weeks and months, your shields become stronger and more resilient, holding their structure for longer periods even in challenging situations.
Can children benefit from chakra protection techniques?
Yes, children, especially sensitive ones, can benefit from age-appropriate protection practices. Simple visualisations like imagining a bubble of coloured light around them work well for younger children. Older children can learn basic grounding techniques and crystal work. Children who are highly empathic or who struggle with emotional overwhelm in social settings often respond well to these practices when presented in a playful, non-threatening way.
What is the difference between chakra protection and chakra cleansing?
Chakra protection is preventative, creating barriers that stop negative energy from entering your energy centres in the first place. Chakra cleansing is restorative, removing negative energy that has already accumulated. Both practices are complementary. Protection reduces the amount of cleansing needed, while regular cleansing ensures that any energy that slips past your shields is removed before it creates blockages or imbalances. A complete energy hygiene routine includes both practices.
Your Energy, Your Sovereignty
Chakra protection is, at its core, an act of self-respect. By taking responsibility for the health and integrity of your energy centres, you honour the truth that your energy is valuable, that your boundaries matter, and that you have every right to choose what enters your energetic space. The techniques in this guide are tools of empowerment, not fear. You are not protecting yourself because the world is dangerous but because your energy is precious and worth safeguarding. As you develop your practice, you will find that strong energetic boundaries actually allow you to engage more fully with life, to love more openly, and to serve others more effectively, because you are doing so from a place of wholeness rather than depletion. Begin today, start simply, practise consistently, and trust your growing capacity to hold your own light.
Sources and References
- Acevedo, B.P., Aron, E.N., Aron, A., Sangster, M.D., Collins, N., & Brown, L.L. (2014). "The highly sensitive brain: An fMRI study of sensory processing sensitivity and response to others' emotions." Brain and Behavior, 4(4), 580-594.
- Aron, E.N., & Aron, A. (1997). "Sensory-processing sensitivity and its relation to introversion and emotionality." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(2), 345-368.
- Chevalier, G., Sinatra, S.T., Oschman, J.L., et al. (2012). "Earthing: Health implications of reconnecting the human body to the Earth's surface electrons." Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2012, 291541.
- Decety, J., & Jackson, P.L. (2004). "The functional architecture of human empathy." Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews, 3(2), 71-100.
- Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J.T., & Rapson, R.L. (1993). Emotional Contagion. Cambridge University Press. (Studies in Emotion and Social Interaction series).
- Rubik, B., Muehsam, D., Hammerschlag, R., & Jain, S. (2015). "Biofield science and healing: History, terminology, and concepts." Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 4(Suppl), 8-14.