Quick Answer
Abundance and manifestation crystals serve as tangible focal points for intention-setting, gratitude practice, and goal visualization. The most effective stones include citrine (confidence and prosperity), green jade (steady luck), pyrite (willpower), clear quartz (amplification), and tiger's eye (courageous action). Peer-reviewed psychology research confirms that ritual intention-setting and gratitude significantly improve goal-directed behaviour.
Key Takeaways
- Crystals as psychological anchors: Research shows that physical commitment devices improve goal persistence and motivation, which is exactly the role an abundance crystal plays on your desk or in your pocket.
- Gratitude amplifies results: Emmons and McCullough (2003) found that weekly gratitude journalling significantly improved well-being and optimism, a practice that pairs naturally with crystal intention work.
- Action over wishing: Lyubomirsky and colleagues (2005) demonstrated that intentional activities (not passive fantasy) account for roughly 40 percent of sustainable happiness changes.
- 12 stones for every purpose: From citrine for attraction to garnet for endurance, each crystal anchors a specific psychological quality needed in the abundance process.
- Grids multiply intention: Geometric crystal grid arrangements create a structured ritual space that engages focused attention, spatial memory, and visual reinforcement simultaneously.
🕑 15 min read
Understanding Crystals and Manifestation
Manifestation, in spiritual traditions, is the practice of bringing intentions into reality through focused thought, emotional alignment, and deliberate action. Crystals enter this practice as physical anchors for intention. When you hold a citrine and state your financial goals, the stone becomes a tangible reminder of your commitment, something you can see, touch, and carry throughout the day.
The Foundation of Crystal Manifestation
Every abundance crystal practice rests on one fundamental insight: physical objects serve as powerful psychological anchors. A crystal on your desk is not simply a mineral specimen. It is a visible commitment to your goals, a pattern interrupt that redirects attention toward what you are building rather than what you fear. This principle appears across cultures and centuries, from Vedic gemstone prescriptions to Chinese jade wealth traditions to European lodestone money-drawing practices.
The concept draws from diverse traditions spanning thousands of years. Vedic astrology prescribes specific gemstones to strengthen planetary influences on prosperity and fortune. Chinese feng shui places jade and citrine in the "wealth corner" of homes and businesses, reflecting a cosmology where spatial arrangement influences energy flow. European folk magic used lodestones (naturally magnetic iron ore) in money-drawing spells, relying on the sympathetic principle that like attracts like.
Modern crystal healing synthesizes these traditions into a practice centred on selecting stones whose attributed properties align with desired outcomes. Whether you approach this from a purely spiritual perspective or a psychological one, the practical result is the same: you create a deliberate, focused relationship with your goals through a physical intermediary.
What distinguishes effective crystal manifestation from passive collecting is intentionality. Simply owning a citrine does not shift your financial reality. Programming it with a specific goal, placing it where you will interact with it daily, and pairing it with concrete action steps transforms the stone from a decoration into a functional part of your goal-achievement system.
The Psychology Behind Manifestation
A landmark study published in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin by Dixon, Hornsey, and Hartley (2023) examined the psychology of manifestation beliefs across three studies with 1,023 participants. They found that over one-third of participants endorsed manifestation beliefs, and those with stronger beliefs perceived themselves as more successful and held stronger aspirations for achievement.
The researchers discovered an important nuance: manifestation believers did not necessarily achieve more measurable success, but they maintained higher motivation and resilience in pursuit of their goals. However, the study also found potential downsides. Strong manifestation beliefs were associated with higher likelihood of risky financial investments and bankruptcy. The conclusion was direct: manifestation works best as a motivational tool when paired with realistic planning and consistent action, not as a substitute for them.
The Deeper Psychology of Ritual Objects
The ritual of holding a crystal, stating an intention, and visualizing an outcome engages multiple psychological mechanisms simultaneously. These include focused attention (narrowing awareness to a single goal), emotional priming (generating the feelings associated with success), commitment devices (the crystal itself functions as a physical contract with yourself), and embodied cognition (the sensation of holding something reinforces the mental state). None of these are mystical processes. They are well-documented cognitive phenomena that produce measurable behavioural changes.
Separate research by psychologist Gabriele Oettingen at New York University found that pure positive visualization (imagining success without considering obstacles) can actually reduce motivation. The brain experiences a premature sense of accomplishment, which lowers the drive to act. Her WOOP method (Wish, Outcome, Obstacle, Plan) combines visualization with obstacle anticipation, producing significantly better goal achievement across dozens of controlled experiments.
This suggests that the most effective crystal manifestation practice combines intention-setting with realistic planning. Many experienced practitioners intuitively do this already. They hold their citrine, visualize their financial goal, then immediately write down the three specific actions they will take that week to move toward it. The crystal anchors the emotional vision while the written plan engages the analytical mind.
Seligman, Steen, Park, and Peterson (2005) provided further support through their research on positive psychology interventions. Their study found that exercises combining gratitude, strength identification, and intentional positive behaviour produced lasting increases in happiness and decreases in depressive symptoms. The crystal manifestation ritual, when done thoughtfully, touches all three of these elements.
How Gratitude Fuels Abundance
Gratitude is not simply a pleasant feeling. It is a cognitive orientation that fundamentally shifts how you perceive and interact with opportunity. Emmons and McCullough's landmark 2003 study in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology demonstrated this with rigour. Participants who wrote down five things they were grateful for each week showed significantly higher levels of optimism, life satisfaction, and even physical well-being compared to those who recorded hassles or neutral events.
The connection to abundance work is direct. When you hold an abundance crystal and begin by naming what you already have (rather than fixating on what you lack), you are training your attentional system to notice opportunity, generosity, and resources that already surround you. Scarcity mindset narrows perception. Gratitude widens it.
Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, and Schkade (2005) built on this foundation in their influential paper on the architecture of sustainable change. They proposed that roughly 50 percent of happiness variation stems from genetic set point, 10 percent from life circumstances, and a full 40 percent from intentional activities. Crystal manifestation rituals, gratitude practices, and goal visualization all fall squarely within that 40 percent of controllable influence.
Integrating Gratitude into Crystal Practice
The most effective abundance crystal practice begins with gratitude rather than desire. Before stating what you want to attract, hold your stone and name three specific things you appreciate about your current situation. This is not empty positivity. Emmons's research showed that gratitude practitioners exercised more, reported fewer physical symptoms, and felt better about their lives as a whole. When you approach manifestation from a place of genuine appreciation rather than desperate wanting, the psychological ground is fertile for growth.
Seligman and colleagues (2005) tested multiple positive psychology interventions and found that the "three good things" exercise (writing down three things that went well each day and why) produced happiness increases that lasted six months after the exercise period ended. Combining this with a morning crystal ritual creates a practice with both scientific backing and spiritual resonance.
Consider the practical application: each morning, hold your citrine or jade, name three good things from yesterday, state one specific intention for today, and place the crystal where you will see it during work. This takes under three minutes and engages gratitude research, morning intention practices, and the commitment-device psychology all at once.
The 12 Best Crystals for Abundance and Manifestation
1. Citrine: The Merchant's Stone
Citrine is the crystal most universally associated with abundance and prosperity. This warm yellow to golden variety of quartz has been called "The Merchant's Stone" because shopkeepers traditionally placed it in cash registers to attract business. In crystal healing practice, citrine is linked to the solar plexus chakra (personal power and confidence) and is believed to carry solar energy: warmth, optimism, and creative vitality.
How to use: Place citrine in your workspace, wallet, or cash register. Hold it while visualizing financial goals. Citrine is one of few stones traditionally believed to be self-cleansing, making it particularly low-maintenance for daily abundance work.
2. Green Jade: The Stone of Luck
Jade has been revered in Chinese culture for over 7,000 years, valued more highly than gold or diamonds in many historical periods. In feng shui tradition, jade is placed in the southeast "wealth corner" of homes and businesses. It is associated with wisdom, balance, and the steady accumulation of prosperity over time, reflecting cultural values of patience and long-term thinking rather than quick gains.
How to use: Keep a jade piece in the wealth area of your home or office. Wear jade jewellery during business negotiations. Jade works best for long-term abundance rather than quick windfalls, making it ideal for career-building and investment-focused intentions.
3. Clear Quartz: The Master Amplifier
Clear quartz amplifies the energy of other crystals and the clarity of your intentions. In manifestation work, it serves as a universal booster. Program it with any specific intention and pair it with other abundance stones to intensify their effect. Its piezoelectric properties (generating electrical charge under mechanical pressure) make it the most scientifically interesting crystal in any manifestation collection, and the reason quartz is used in watches, electronics, and precision instruments worldwide.
How to use: Hold clear quartz while stating intentions aloud. Place it at the centre of abundance crystal grids. Pair with any other manifestation stone to amplify its attributed energy.
4. Pyrite: The Stone of Action
Pyrite, often called "fool's gold," carries an energy of determined action rather than passive receiving. Its metallic gold lustre visually symbolizes wealth, while its association with the solar plexus and sacral chakras connects it to willpower, drive, and creative problem-solving. Pyrite is the manifestation crystal for people who need motivation to act rather than simply to dream.
How to use: Place pyrite on your desk during work sessions. Hold it before important meetings or financial decisions. Pyrite reminds you that abundance follows action, not just intention.
5. Tiger's Eye: The Stone of Courage
Tiger's eye combines earth energy with solar energy, producing a stone associated with practical wisdom, courage, and the ability to recognize opportunity when it appears. Its golden-brown bands are linked to the solar plexus chakra and the qualities of discernment and confident decision-making. Tiger's eye is especially valued by practitioners who want to attract abundance through entrepreneurship or career advancement.
How to use: Carry tiger's eye when making business decisions. Wear it during job interviews or salary negotiations. Place it where you do financial planning to encourage clear-headed assessment.
6. Green Aventurine: The Stone of Opportunity
Known as the "gambler's stone," green aventurine is associated with luck, chance, and the ability to attract unexpected opportunities. Connected to the heart chakra, it adds an element of gratitude and joy to the pursuit of abundance, counterbalancing the anxiety that often accompanies financial goals. Aventurine reminds practitioners that abundance includes emotional richness, not only material wealth.
How to use: Carry aventurine when entering new situations, interviews, or networking events. Place it near your front door to symbolically invite opportunity into your space.
7. Malachite: The Transformation Stone
Deep green malachite is associated with breaking through financial blocks, old money patterns, and scarcity mindset. It is a stone of transformation, believed to help identify and release subconscious beliefs that keep people stuck in cycles of lack. Handle with care: malachite is toxic when ingested or inhaled as dust, and should never be placed in water or used to make elixirs.
8. Carnelian: The Stone of Creative Power
Warm orange carnelian is linked to the sacral chakra and the creative energy needed to build something new. It is recommended for artists, entrepreneurs, and anyone whose abundance depends on creative output. Carnelian is associated with courage, initiative, and the sustained energy to start projects and carry them through to completion.
9. Garnet: The Commitment Stone
Deep red garnet is associated with devotion, commitment, and the sustained energy needed for long-term goals. Where citrine attracts and pyrite motivates, garnet provides the endurance to keep going when results are slow. Connected to the root chakra and physical vitality, garnet grounds your abundance intentions in patient persistence.
10. Sunstone: The Leadership Stone
Sunstone carries solar energy similar to citrine but with an emphasis on leadership, visibility, and personal magnetism. It is recommended for practitioners who want to attract abundance through influence, public presence, or leadership roles. Its warm, sparkling inclusions create a visual reminder of radiance and confident self-expression.
11. Amazonite: The Hope Stone
Blue-green amazonite is associated with manifesting dreams and calming the anxiety that often accompanies financial uncertainty. It bridges the heart and throat chakras, helping practitioners articulate their goals clearly and maintain emotional balance during the manifestation process. Amazonite is particularly useful when you know what you want but struggle to voice it or take the first step.
12. Moss Agate: The Growth Stone
Moss agate, with its green inclusions resembling miniature forests, is the crystal of steady growth and organic abundance. It is especially valued by practitioners who see prosperity as gradual development rather than sudden windfall. Connected to the heart chakra and earth energy, moss agate grounds manifestation work in patience and natural timing, an antidote to the impatience that derails many abundance practices.
| Crystal | Primary Quality | Best For | Chakra |
|---|---|---|---|
| Citrine | Attraction | General abundance, business | Solar Plexus |
| Green Jade | Steady prosperity | Long-term wealth building | Heart |
| Clear Quartz | Amplification | Boosting other stones | Crown |
| Pyrite | Willpower | Motivation and action | Solar Plexus |
| Tiger's Eye | Courage | Business decisions | Solar Plexus |
| Green Aventurine | Luck | New opportunities | Heart |
| Malachite | Transformation | Breaking money blocks | Heart |
| Carnelian | Creative power | Artists, entrepreneurs | Sacral |
| Garnet | Endurance | Long-term commitment | Root |
| Sunstone | Leadership | Visibility and influence | Sacral/Solar Plexus |
| Amazonite | Hope | Articulating goals | Heart/Throat |
| Moss Agate | Growth | Patient, organic abundance | Heart |
How to Program Crystals for Manifestation
Programming is the process of setting a specific intention into your crystal. In psychological terms, you are creating an association between the physical object and your goal, turning the crystal into a commitment device and attention anchor. Research on implementation intentions (the "if-then" planning studied by psychologist Peter Gollwitzer) shows that linking goals to specific physical cues dramatically increases follow-through.
Crystal Programming Practice
Step 1: Cleanse your crystal using moonlight, sage smoke, or sound vibration to clear any previous programming.
Step 2: Hold the crystal in both hands and close your eyes. Take five slow, deep breaths, allowing each exhale to release tension from your body.
Step 3: State your intention clearly, either aloud or silently. Be specific: "I attract financial opportunities that align with my skills and values" is far more effective than "I want money." Specificity engages the problem-solving centres of the brain.
Step 4: Visualize the intention as already accomplished. Feel the emotions you would experience if it were true right now. Hold this vision for two to three minutes. This is not idle daydreaming. You are priming your reticular activating system to notice relevant opportunities.
Step 5: Express gratitude. Thank the crystal (this may sound unusual, but gratitude practice strengthens the psychological association and activates the neural pathways that Emmons and McCullough documented).
Step 6: Place the crystal where you will see it daily as a constant reminder of your intention. Visibility is essential for the commitment-device mechanism to function.
The specificity of your intention matters more than many practitioners realize. Vague goals produce vague results because they fail to engage the brain's goal-pursuit systems. When you program a crystal with "I will generate $5,000 in additional monthly revenue through my consulting business by September," your mind immediately begins calculating pathways, identifying obstacles, and recognizing relevant opportunities. When you program it with "abundance," nothing specific activates.
Crystal Manifestation Rituals
New Moon Intention Setting: The new moon represents new beginnings in many traditions. On the night of the new moon, hold your abundance crystal, write your intentions on paper, and place the crystal on top of the written intentions. Leave this arrangement on your altar or windowsill until the full moon. The two-week arc creates a natural rhythm of intention and reflection that many practitioners find more sustainable than daily-only practices.
Morning Abundance Ritual: Each morning, hold your manifestation crystal for two minutes while stating three things you are grateful for and one specific goal for the day. This combines gratitude practice (shown by Emmons and McCullough to improve well-being and goal persistence) with the focused intention-setting that Lyubomirsky's research links to sustainable positive change. The brevity matters. Two minutes is short enough to maintain consistency, and consistency is what produces results.
Prosperity Bowl: Create a small bowl containing citrine, jade, pyrite, and a few coins or a written list of financial goals. Place it in the southeast corner of your home or office (the wealth area in feng shui). Add to it as goals are achieved, creating a visible record of progress that reinforces your belief in the process.
Weekly Review Ritual: Every Sunday, hold your primary abundance crystal and review the week. What moved forward? What stalled? What do you need to adjust? This reflective practice, supported by Oettingen's WOOP research, prevents manifestation from becoming passive wishful thinking. The crystal becomes associated not just with dreaming but with honest, productive self-assessment.
Crystal Grids for Abundance
Crystal grids arrange multiple stones in geometric patterns that practitioners believe create a unified energy field greater than the sum of individual stones. From a psychological perspective, building a crystal grid is an extended ritual that deepens commitment to your intention through spatial arrangement, visual symbolism, and sustained focused attention.
Centre stone: Citrine or clear quartz serves as the intention anchor, the focal point that holds your primary goal. Surrounding stones: Pyrite, jade, tiger's eye, and green aventurine provide supporting energies representing action, patience, courage, and opportunity respectively. Outer ring: Clear quartz points face outward for amplification. Grid shape: The Flower of Life or a simple eight-pointed star pattern.
Place a written intention under the centre stone. Activate the grid by tracing a line from the centre outward to each stone with a clear quartz point or your finger, visualizing energy connecting all the stones into a unified field. The physical act of tracing connections engages spatial cognition and creates a multi-sensory memory of your intention that persists long after the ritual ends.
Maintain your grid for at least one full lunar cycle (approximately 29 days). During this period, spend a minute each day looking at the grid and reconnecting with your intention. This sustained engagement is what separates effective crystal grid work from one-time novelty.
Common Manifestation Mistakes to Avoid
Passive wishing without action: Crystals support intention, not inaction. Oettingen's research confirms that visualization without action planning can actually reduce motivation because the brain gets a premature reward signal. Use crystals to enhance your commitment to goals, then take concrete steps every single day.
Vague intentions: "I want abundance" gives your subconscious nothing specific to work toward. "I will generate $5,000 in additional monthly revenue through my consulting business by September" engages your problem-solving mind with a clear target, timeline, and mechanism.
Ignoring limiting beliefs: If you program a citrine for abundance but subconsciously believe you do not deserve wealth, the crystal cannot override that deeper pattern. Use malachite or shadow-work practices to address underlying money blocks before layering manifestation on top.
Expecting instant results: Manifestation traditions and psychology alike emphasize that meaningful change requires sustained effort over time. Seligman's research found that positive interventions needed weeks of consistent practice before producing lasting effects. Choose stones like jade and moss agate that embody patient, steady growth and reflect this timeline honestly.
Neglecting gratitude: Focusing only on what you lack reinforces scarcity mindset. Emmons and McCullough's (2003) research consistently shows that gratitude practices improve both well-being and goal persistence. Balance every manifestation session with genuine appreciation for what already exists in your life.
Collecting without connecting: Buying dozens of crystals without developing a relationship with any of them dilutes the commitment-device effect. Start with one or two stones, program them thoroughly, and work with them consistently before expanding your collection.
Building a Sustainable Abundance Practice
The research of Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, and Schkade (2005) offers a key insight for crystal practitioners: sustainable happiness (and by extension, sustainable abundance behaviour) comes from intentional activities performed consistently, not from one-time events or changes in circumstances. This means your crystal practice needs to be something you can maintain for months and years, not just a weekend experiment.
Start small. A two-minute morning ritual with one crystal is more valuable than an elaborate hour-long ceremony you abandon after a week. As the habit solidifies, you can add complexity: a weekly review, a monthly new-moon intention reset, a seasonal grid redesign.
Track your progress in a journal alongside your crystal practice. Write down your intentions, the actions you took, and what shifted. This creates a feedback loop that Seligman's research identifies as essential for lasting positive change. When you can look back and see the connection between your intentions, your actions, and your results, the practice becomes self-reinforcing.
Important Notice
The information in this article is for educational and spiritual exploration purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional financial, medical, or psychological advice. Crystal practices complement but do not replace qualified professional guidance. Always consult appropriate professionals regarding financial decisions and health concerns.
Frequently Asked Questions
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Common Questions About Abundance Crystals
What is the best crystal for attracting money and abundance?
Citrine is the most widely recommended crystal for attracting money and abundance. Known as "The Merchant's Stone," it has been placed in cash registers and business spaces for centuries. For a well-rounded abundance practice, pair citrine with pyrite for motivation, green jade for steady prosperity, and clear quartz to amplify your intentions. The most effective results come from combining crystal work with concrete financial planning and consistent action.
How do you program a crystal for manifestation?
Start by cleansing the crystal with moonlight, sage smoke, or sound. Hold it in both hands with your eyes closed and take five slow, deep breaths. State your intention clearly and specifically, either aloud or silently. Visualize your intention as already accomplished for two to three minutes while holding the emotional feeling of success. Then place the crystal somewhere you will see it daily. This process creates a psychological association between the physical object and your goal.
Does crystal manifestation actually work according to science?
Research in positive psychology supports the mechanisms behind manifestation practices, though not through any mystical crystal energy. Emmons and McCullough (2003) showed that gratitude practices improve well-being and goal persistence. Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, and Schkade (2005) demonstrated that intentional activities account for roughly 40 percent of happiness variation. Crystals serve as effective commitment devices and attention anchors that keep your goals visible and emotionally present.
Where should I place crystals for abundance in my home?
In feng shui tradition, the southeast corner of your home or office is the "wealth area." Place citrine, jade, or a prosperity bowl there. Keep abundance crystals on your desk where you handle finances, in your wallet or purse for daily carry, near your front door to invite opportunity, and on your nightstand to reinforce intentions during sleep. The key principle is visibility: crystals work best as motivational anchors when you see and interact with them regularly.
Can you combine multiple crystals for manifestation?
Yes, and crystal grids are specifically designed for this purpose. Common abundance combinations include citrine with pyrite for attraction plus action, jade with clear quartz for prosperity plus amplification, and tiger's eye with carnelian for courage plus creative energy. Begin with two or three crystals and expand as you develop familiarity with each stone. Geometric arrangements like the Flower of Life pattern are popular for abundance grids.
How long does it take for crystal manifestation to show results?
There is no fixed timeline, and expecting instant results reflects a misunderstanding of how manifestation works. Crystals sustain intention and motivation over time rather than producing overnight changes. Many practitioners notice shifts in mindset and attitude within days, while tangible outcomes typically emerge over weeks or months of consistent practice combined with real-world action. Research confirms that effective goal achievement requires sustained effort paired with realistic planning.
What is the difference between manifesting and wishful thinking?
Effective manifestation combines clear intention, emotional engagement, visualization, obstacle planning, and consistent action toward goals. Wishful thinking involves passive hoping without commitment or effort. Psychologist Gabriele Oettingen's research found that pure positive fantasy without action planning can actually reduce motivation. A crystal serves as a bridge: a physical reminder that transforms a wish into a daily practice, keeping your goals present while you take concrete steps.
Do I need to cleanse my abundance crystals regularly?
Most crystal practitioners recommend cleansing stones every one to two weeks, or after periods of heavy use. Common methods include moonlight (especially during the full moon), sage or palo santo smoke, sound vibrations from singing bowls, and running water for water-safe stones. Citrine is one of few stones traditionally considered self-cleansing. Regular cleansing serves a practical psychological purpose: it creates a ritual pause where you can reassess and refresh your intentions.
Is there any scientific evidence that crystals have energy?
Quartz crystals do have measurable piezoelectric properties, generating a small electrical charge under mechanical pressure. This property is used in watches, electronics, and medical devices. However, there is no peer-reviewed scientific evidence that crystals emit healing energy or directly influence human health. The psychological benefits of crystal practices come from well-documented cognitive mechanisms: focused attention, ritual intention-setting, commitment devices, and embodied cognition.
What gratitude practices work best alongside abundance crystals?
Emmons and McCullough's landmark 2003 study found that writing down five things you are grateful for each week significantly improved well-being and optimism. Combine this with your crystal practice by holding your abundance stone while stating three specific things you appreciate each morning. Seligman and colleagues (2005) also found that writing gratitude letters produced lasting happiness increases. Gratitude counters scarcity mindset and primes your attention toward opportunities rather than limitations.
Your Abundance Is Already in Motion
The crystals in your collection are not magic wands. They are mirrors for your own intention, patience, and willingness to act. Every time you pick up a citrine, program a quartz point, or arrange a grid, you are telling yourself that your goals matter enough to receive daily attention. That attention, sustained over time and paired with real action, is the true source of abundance. Trust your process, refine your practice, and let the stones remind you of what you already know you are building.
Sources & References
- Emmons, R.A. & McCullough, M.E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377-389.
- Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K.M. & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 111-131.
- Seligman, M.E.P., Steen, T.A., Park, N. & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60(5), 410-421.
- Dixon, L.J., Hornsey, M.J. & Hartley, N. (2023). "The Secret" to success? The psychology of belief in manifestation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 49(7).
- Oettingen, G. (2012). Future thought and behaviour change. European Review of Social Psychology, 23(1), 1-63.
- French, C.C. (2001). The placebo effect and crystal healing. British Psychological Society Conference Proceedings. Goldsmiths, University of London.