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Albertus Magnus: The Doctor Universalis, Natura...
Last Updated: March 2026, Article updated with current scholarship on Albert's natural science and the alchemy attribution question. Quick Answer Albertus Magnus (c. 1200-1280), called the "Doctor Universalis," was the...
Duns Scotus: Haecceity, Univocity of Being, and...
Last Updated: March 2026, Content reviewed and expanded with new scholarship on Scotus's influence on Heidegger, Peirce, and Deleuze. Quick Answer John Duns Scotus (c.1265-1308), called the "Subtle Doctor," is...
Platonic Philosophy: The Complete Guide to Plat...
Quick Answer Platonic philosophy holds that the material world is a shadow of a higher realm of eternal, perfect Forms. The highest Form is the Good -- equivalent to the...
Anselm of Canterbury: The Ontological Argument,...
Last Updated: March 2026, Content reviewed and expanded with the investiture controversy, De libertate arbitrii, and Steiner's GA 18 discussion of faith and reason in Anselm. Quick Answer Anselm of...
Esotericism Meaning: What Is Esotericism and Wh...
Quick Answer Esotericism refers to traditions claiming access to hidden knowledge beyond ordinary religious or scientific understanding. From the Greek "esoterikos" (inner), it encompasses Hermeticism, Kabbalah, Gnosticism, Neoplatonism, alchemy, Rosicrucianism,...
John Scotus Eriugena: The Division of Nature, t...
Last Updated: March 2026, Content reviewed with expanded treatment of the human as microcosm, the processio-reditus structure, and Steiner's GA 18 assessment. Quick Answer John Scotus Eriugena (c.800-877 CE) was...